Boron Fertilization in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in an Inceptisol of West Bengal,India

This study is a synthesis of information on growth, yield, and boron-use efficiency of hybrid sunflower (cultivar Aditya) in an inceptisol (Gangetic alluvium) of West Bengal, India, under varied proportions of soil and foliar-applied boron. Foliar spray of boron (B), under all circumstances, performed better than soil application of B fertilizers with regard to sunflower seed and total dry-matter yield, B uptake, and B-use efficiencies, while 0.2 percent foliar B spray was associated with greatest B recoveries, B-use efficiencies, and sunflower seed yields in the experimental years.     

硼中毒对固始鸡空肠发育的影响

120只1日龄固始鸡随机分为2组，分别饮用添加硼0、400mg／L的水，研究了硼中毒对固始鸡空肠发育的影响。试验期为6周，每周定时每组取鸡10只，颈静脉放血致死，取空肠，Bouin’s液固定，制作石蜡切片，HE染色，显微镜观测与拍照。结果：（1）试验组空肠绒毛长度极显著低于同周龄对照组（P〈0．01）；肠腺长度第1周龄极显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），第2周龄显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。（2）试验组1～4周龄空肠出现上皮细胞肿胀、脱落，绒毛中抽结缔组织水肿、毛细血管扩张，肠腺囊肿等痛变。试验表明，硼中毒对固始鸡小肠绒毛及肠腺发育有明显抑制和毒害作用，对机体消化吸收功能产生严重影响。     

Phosphorus cycling and soil P fractions in Douglas-fir and red alder stands

Nitrogen-fixing species can dramatically increase soil acidity and organic matter content, and potentially alter biogeochemical P dynamics. We compared ecosystem P cycling in adjacent stands of N₂-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and non-fixing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) in order to determine whether P-cycling rates within stands were related to soil P forms as measured by sequential P fractionation. Above-ground annual P uptake was 61% greater in the red alder stand, although soil available P, as measured by Bray (NH₄F–HCl) extraction, was only 10% of that found in the Douglas-fir stand. Total ecosystem P in the alder stand was only 69% of that found in the Douglas-fir stand, and could indicate a pre-establishment difference between stands. However, the percentage of total soil P released by Bray or NaOH extraction was also lower in the alder stand, which suggests that differences in total P alone did not control the patterns observed in P fractions. Concentrations of inorganic P sorbed to Fe and Al minerals and contained in Fe minerals and apatite were greater under Douglas-fir, while organic P was slightly greater under red alder. While fluxes of P in litterfall, uptake and resorption were 94, 60 and 292% higher in the alder stand, soil extractable fractions meant to represent available P were lower under alder. Static measures of available P do not appear to adequately reflect P supply, and the development of techniques to assess P turnover is needed to better understand cycling and plant availability of P.     

Phosphorus and potassium depletion by roots of field-grown slash pine: Aerobic and hypoxic conditions

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) is planted extensively on flatwood and coastal savanna soils of the southeastern USA. Pine roots growing in these soils encounter shallow water tables. Although the fine-root system of pine trees growing in the surface 20–26 cm of those soils will not be continuously submerged, they will encounter short-term reduced soil conditions, with a severely reduced O₂ supply which might affect their ability for ion uptake from the soil solution. The objectives were: (i) to compare P and K depletion by lateral root systems of slash pine roots subjected to a short-term hypoxic treatment, and (ii) to document K and P depletion patterns by lateral root systems of slash pine roots following the removal of the hypoxic treatment. Our purpose was to evaluate the uptake ability of these roots of changing aeration. For the experiment, 17 intact lateral roots from twelve-year-old slash pine trees were inserted into nutrient-uptake root chambers. The chambers were filled with a nutrient solution containing 6.25 μM P (phosphate), and 25.66 μM K. P and K depletion rates were monitored in six consecutive treatments, each lasting five days. Treatments of aerobic and hypoxic conditions were sequentially applied in the following order: aerobic–hypoxic–aerobic. This sequence was repeated twice. Uptake of P and K by slash pine roots was affected by oxygen availability, but the degree of response differed. Under hypoxic nutrient solution conditions, K depletion from solution by pine roots was totally inhibited, resulting in net efflux of K. In contrast, P depletion was not inhibited under hypoxic nutrient solution conditions. Results suggest that pine roots grown in aerobic soil conditions of surface horizons are capable of P depletion when reduced soil conditions are present.     

Structure of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) natural regeneration in the ‘Jata'' reserve in Poland

Over the last 20 years, investigations have been carried out to determine the influence of various ecological factors on silver fir natural regeneration in highlands and mountains. However, there has been little research on the structure and development of fir regeneration in lowlands. Results of this study indicate that three main stand characteristics play a very important part in the structure of fir regeneration in the lowland. The results revealed that the quantity, frequency and growth rate of fir regeneration were affected by site conditions. One of the most important ecological factors differentiating quantity and quality of fir regeneration was the proportion of fir in a stand. It was found that, with an increase in the percentage of fir in a stand, the quantity and the sum of heights and the sum of height increments of fir regeneration tends to increase. Results of this study showed that the number and development of fir regeneration were influenced by species composition of a stand; fir regenerated not only in pure fir stands but also in mixed forests. A positive influence of pine and birch canopy on initiation and development of fir regeneration was confirmed. Optimal conditions for the growth and development of fir with respect to species composition were found in mixed fir stands with an admixture of hornbeam. In contrast, results of the study suggest that the worst conditions for fir regeneration were found in the stands composed of species, such as ash, alder, oak, aspen, lime and spruce.     

Some nutrient dynamics associated with litterfall and litter decomposition in hoop pine plantations of southeast Queensland, Australia

Litterfall was collected over a 12-month period with littertraps in hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations aged 10, 14 and 62 years in southeast Queensland, Australia. The bulk of litterfall occurred during spring, mainly as hoop pine foliage with the annual litterfall ranging between 6.0 and 10.9 t ha⁻¹, respectively, for the younger stands (10 and 14 years) and the mature 62-year old stand. The amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) recycled annually through litterfall was lower in the younger stands (28–37 kg N ha⁻¹ and 4.4–5.3 kg P ha⁻¹) compared with that of the mature stand (85 N ha⁻¹ and 6.2 kg P ha⁻¹). The N and P retranslocated during senescence varied across the three stands studied with a trend for N and P retranslocation to increase as availability of soil mineral-N decreased.

Decomposition of the hoop pine foliage component of litter was also studied in the same stands using a litterbag technique and mass-balance analysis. The estimated half-life of hoop pine foliage mass ranged between 1.5 and 1.8 years. Litter-mass loss was strongly correlated with litter substrate quality indicators of N, C, P, C/N ratio, lignin, lignin/N ratio and polyphenols. During the course of the study, there was no difference in litter-mass loss between the stands of different ages. During the 15-month period, the order of element release from the hoop pine litter was K>Na>C>Mg>P, with N, Ca and Mn generally demonstrating varying degrees of net accumulation. During the course of the study, the lignin/C ratio of the hoop pine litter increased from 0.61 to 0.96. This suggested that the litter-C was predominantly in a recalcitrant form and, therefore, the associated N was unlikely to be rapidly released in the hoop pine litter layer.     

条施调酸材料对石灰性土壤调酸及马铃薯锌硼吸收的影响

【目的】研究条施调酸材料的调酸效应及其对马铃薯锌、硼吸收的影响,为调酸材料在马铃薯上的应用提供依据。【方法】以马铃薯为材料,采用田间试验,设置根区施用磷酸一铵（MAP）、硫磺(S)、混合调酸剂(磷酸一铵和硫磺按质量比1∶1混合,MS）,以不施用调酸材料为对照,分析调酸材料施入石灰性土壤后土壤pH值、锌硼有效性以及马铃薯叶片、块茎锌硼含量的变化,研究3种调酸材料根区条施后的调酸效应及对土壤锌硼有效性和马铃薯锌硼吸收的影响。【结果】施入调酸材料能显著降低石灰性土壤pH值,在马铃薯整个生育期调酸效应总体表现为MS＞MAP＞S。施用调酸材料能提高淀粉积累期马铃薯根区土壤有效锌和有效硼含量,MAP、S、MS处理土壤有效锌含量较对照分别提高了58.82%,9.80%和37.25%,土壤有效硼含量较对照分别提高了53.01%,57.83%和61.45%。施用调酸材料后,苗期马铃薯叶片锌、硼积累量分别增加了48.44%~60.83%和40.73%~58.68%,块茎膨大期分别增加了31.43%~39.88%和22.40%~33.06%;在淀粉积累期,MS和S处理马铃薯叶片锌积累量较对照分别降低了51.85%和30.25%,而MAP处理则较对照增加了4.79%,MAP、S、MS处理马铃薯叶片硼积累量较对照分别减少了20.67%,41.78%和38.21%。收获期施用调酸材料后,MAP、S、MS处理马铃薯块茎锌含量较对照分别降低了9.47%,4.94%和14.81%,S、MS处理马铃薯锌积累量较对照分别降低了5.88%和21.08%,而MAP处理提高了30.39%;MAP、S、MS处理马铃薯块茎硼含量较对照分别提高了14.97%,15.51%和63.10%,硼积累量分别提高了67.74%,16.13%和51.61%。【结论】调酸材料降低了石灰性土壤pH值和马铃薯块茎锌含量,但提高了马铃薯块茎硼含量;从调酸效应和马铃薯块茎吸收来看,磷酸一铵与硫磺配施最有利于马铃薯对土壤中微量元素锌硼的利用。     

喷硼对红地球葡萄产量和品质的影响

通过大田对比试验研究了红地球葡萄不同浓度硼和不同处理时期对葡萄产量和品质的影响。结果表明:花中期(50%花朵开放)喷施0.2%的硼有利于提高葡萄的产量和品质,与对照(CK)不喷硼相比,坐果率、单粒重、穗重、单株产量和可溶性固性物含量分别增长了132.47%、24.23%、38.71%、38.71%和30.69%。可滴定酸含量降低了40.82%,均达到极显著水平,且穗形紧凑。可将此方法作为高寒冷凉区设施红地球葡萄增产提质的参考值。     

硼调控干旱胁迫下马铃薯生长发育及抗性的生理机制

为了探讨叶面喷施硼（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O溶液）对马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下生长发育及抗性的影响及其生理机制,在甘肃省景泰县条山集团马铃薯种植基地,对中度干旱和轻度干旱处理的两垄地,每隔3 m进行一个硼浓度（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O）喷施处理,浓度依次为0、10、20、30、40、60 g·L^-1,每个浓度（3 m长）的喷施量为166.7 ml。结果表明：叶面喷施硼相对增加了干旱胁迫下马铃薯的块茎产量及生物量,使干旱胁迫下叶片含水量和色素含量下降幅度减小;叶面喷施硼还从整体上表现为抗氧化酶活性的提高,并抑制了超氧阴离子产生速率的增加。通过去花与不去花植株生长发育的比较,发现去花后马铃薯植株地上部分重和地下部分重均有所下降,但施硼相对提高了块茎产量及地下部分重。可见,叶面喷施硼能促进马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下的生长发育,提高其抗旱性及块茎产量,且这种变化可能与其促进光合产物向地下部分输送密切相关。     

不同硼浓度对三种超富集植物吸收硼及重金属的影响

通过水培试验研究了0~15 mg·L-1的硼(B)对Zn/Cd超富集植物东南景天(Sedum alfredii)、Zn/Cd/Ni超富集植物遏蓝菜(Noccaea caerulescens)和Ni超富集植物庭荠属(Alyssum murale)在20 mg Zn·L-1及18 mg Ni·L-1胁迫下生长和吸收重金属的影响。试验结果显示:较低浓度的硼促进三种超富集植物的生长和重金属吸收,而高浓度的硼则表现出抑制作用;三种植物在硼处理浓度为10.0mg·L-1时都开始表现中毒的症状,三种植物地上部分的硼含量随硼处理浓度的增加而增大,S.alfredii叶部、N.caerulescens、A.murale地上部分的硼浓度范围分别为40.2~880、115~744、156~922 mg·kg-1干重;当硼处理的浓度为2.0、0.5 mg·L-1时,S.alfredii和N.caerulescens地上部分的重金属吸收达最大值,A.murale地上部Zn和Ni的含量则分别在硼处理浓度为2.0、5 mg·L-1时达到最大。