Effect of plant growth-promoting Bacillus sp. on color and clipping yield of three turfgrass species

A two-year irrigated field study was conducted to determine the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis OSU-142 and Bacillus megaterium M3) as biofertilizer, and in combination with a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on turf color and clipping yield, and interaction of biofertilizer and chemical N fertilizers in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. Schreb.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The three turf species were tested separately in split-plot design experiments with three replications. Three fertilizer sources (ammonium nitrate only, ammonium nitrate + B. megaterium M3, and ammonium nitrate + B. subtilis OSU-142) were the main plots. N applications with monthly applications of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g N/m² were the subplots. Color ratings and clipping yields increased with increasing chemical N fertilizers in all species. Both Bacillus sp. significantly increased color ratings and clipping yields in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. However, there were no significant differences among the three fertilizer sources in color and clipping yield of Kentucky bluegrass. The experiments showed that there is a small but significant benefit from applying biofertilizers for turf color, and that N fertilization may be reduced in some turf species when biofertilization are made for this purpose.     

微生物肥料在土壤生态修复中的作用

论述了微生物肥料在土壤生态系统中的修复和指示作用,通过室内土壤培养试验,研究了微生物肥料对杀虫剂、多环芳烃污染土壤的生态修复作用。结果表明,土壤生态系统中有效菌是促进根系生长的细菌和真菌,尤其真菌的数量是指示土壤生态系统的主要目标。     

等养分条件下生物有机肥与化肥配施对双季稻产量和土壤性状的影响

在红壤性双季稻田上进行2年田间试验,比较等量氮、磷、钾养分投入下常规化肥处理(NPK)与生物有机肥替代基肥中的化肥处理(NPK+BF)对水稻产量及产量构成、SPAD值、氮素吸收和土壤性状的差异的影响,旨在明确等养分条件下生物有机肥和化肥配施对双季稻产量和土壤性状的影响。结果表明:NPK+BF处理有降低早稻产量的趋势,但未达到显著水平;对晚稻产量无显著影响。NPK+BF处理有降低早晚稻有效穗数和提高结实率的趋势。NPK+BF降低了分蘖期水稻叶片的SPAD值和成熟期的氮素积累量,但仅在2014年早稻季达到显著水平。NPK+BF显著降低了双季水稻的氮素吸收利用率,但2013年晚稻季未达到显著水平。试验2年后,NPK+BF有提高土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量的趋势,但未达到显著水平。NPK+BF显著提高了土壤有效磷的含量。该试验表明在双季稻生产中短期内生物有机肥能够替代部分化肥,但长期效应还有待观测。     

Effects of phosphate‐solubilizing microorganisms on strawberry yield and nutrient concentrations

Phosphorus (P)‐solubilizing bacteria and fungi can increase soil‐P availability, potentially enhancing crop yield when P is limiting. We studied the effectiveness of Bacillus FS‐3 and Aspergillus FS9 in enhancing strawberry (Fragaria × ananasa cv. Fern) yield and mineral content of leaves and fruits on a P‐deficient calcareous Aridisol in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The 120 d pot experiment was conducted in three replicates with three treatments (Bacillus FS‐3, Aspergillus FS9, control) and five increasing rates of P addition (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg P ha^–1). Fruit yield and nutrient content of fruits and leaves and soil P pools were determined at the end of the experiment. Phosphorus‐fertilizer addition increased all soil P fractions. Strawberry yield increased with P addition (quadratic function) reaching a maximum of 94 g pot^–1 at 200 kg P ha^–1 in the absence of P‐solubilizing microorganisms. At this yield level, Bacillus FS‐3 and Aspergillus FS9 inoculation resulted in P‐fertilizer savings of 149 kg P ha^–1 and 102 kg P ha^–1, respectively. Both microorganisms increased yields beyond the maximum achievable yield with sole P‐fertilizer addition. Microorganism inoculation increased fruit and leaf nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, and Fe) with the largest increases upon addition of Bacillus FS‐3. We conclude that Bacillus FS‐3 and Aspergillus FS9 show great promise as yield‐enhancing soil amendments in P‐deficient calcareous soils of Turkey. However, moderate additions of P fertilizer (50–100 kg ha^–1) are required for highest yield.     

Liquid organic fertilizer sprayed on shoots of Phaseolus vulgaris stimulates arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in soil

Processed organic agricultural byproducts such as liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) are promising alternatives that can improve crop productivity while reducing mineral fertilizer use and improving sustainability. The effects on beneficial soil organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM), caused by LOF spraying on shoots is poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated how AM colonization and soil PSM are affected by LOF spraying on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a greenhouse. The LOF was obtained by anaerobically fermenting a mixture of fresh water, cattle manure, bovine milk, sugarcane molasses and mineral salts. LOF was applied twice on the plant shoots. Fresh and dry mass of root and shoot, P content, P accumulation in the shoots and AMF spore counts in the soil were not LOF dose dependent. However, we found that a 5% LOF application stimulated AM colonization and led to dose-dependence for calcium and aluminium phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi. These results show that LOF sprayed on shoots causes responses on soil communities. We therefore endorse the use of LOF in low input agriculture.     

细黄链霉菌005发酵条件优化及在玉米上的应用

通过L9(34)正交试验确定了Streptomyces microflavus 005的最佳培养基.优化后的培养基含:4.5%可溶性淀粉,0.5%蔗糖,4.5%豆饼粉,0.2%NaNO3,0.01%ZnSO4,0.001%KH2PO4.在最适发酵条件下,最高生物量(干重)由17.67 g/L提高到48.3 g/L.水培和小区试验结果表明Streptomyces microflavus 005能促进玉米种苗的生长并提高产量.     

藻类资源在农业种植业中的应用研究进展

随着人们对海洋生物资源研究的日益关注,藻类生物资源的挖掘也越来越受到重视,近年来其在农业领域的应用和价值也日益凸显。目前,人们对藻类资源在农业中的应用研究主要集中在对藻类生物肥料和生物刺激剂的探索,即为农作物寻找新的肥料来源,但对其作用机制的研究还缺乏总结。为此,本文综述了国内外相关研究进展,重点介绍了藻类资源在农业种植业中的利用,阐述了藻类细胞及其产物在农业工程中的应用与发展,包括藻类作为生物肥料和生物刺激剂、藻类资源在农业环境修复以及农作物产品保鲜等方面的应用。此外,本文还总结了藻类资源在农业应用中的主要机理：①藻类的固碳、固氮以及解磷作用,可提高土壤营养物质含量,调节土壤微生物活力,促进植物生长;②藻类分泌的胞外聚合物有助于改善土壤荒漠化及盐碱化,降低农药污染风险和提高土壤肥料利用效率;③藻类细胞的生物吸附性有助于重金属污染土壤的修复;④海藻多糖的抑菌、抗病毒和保鲜功能等。总而言之,藻类资源在农业种植业中具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的开发价值。未来的研究应着眼于藻类细胞活性物质的促生长机理和藻类资源的田间规模评价,重视分子生物学技术的应用,挖掘更多样化的藻类应用潜力,为藻类生物质的开发和农业可持续发展提供理论依据。     

Preparation and utilization of phosphate biofertilizers using agricultural waste

In this study, Aspergillus niger 1107 was isolated and identified as an efficient phosphate-solubilizing fungus(PSF). This strain generated 689 mg soluble P L–1 NBRIP medium after 10 d of culture. To produce an affordable biofertilizer using A. niger 1107, the potential of widely available carrier materials for growth and maintenance of this strain were evaluated. The effects of sterilization procedures(autoclaving and gamma-ray irradiation) on the suitability of these carriers to maintain growth of the fungus were also investigated. The carrier materials were peat, corn cobs with 20%(w/w) perlite(CCP), wheat husks with 20%(w/w) perlite(WHP), and composted cattle manure with 20%(w/w) perlite(CCMP). In the first 5-6 mon of storage, the carriers sterilized by gamma-ray irradiation maintained higher inoculum loads than those in carriers sterilized by autoclaving. However, this effect was not detectable after 7 mon of storage. For the P-biofertilizer on WHP, more than 2.0×107 viable spores of A. niger g–1 inoculant survived after 7 mon of storage. When this biofertilizer was applied to Chinese cabbage in a pot experiment, there were 5.6×106 spores of A. niger g–1 soil before plant harvesting. In the pot experiment, Chinese cabbage plants grown in soil treated with peat- and WHP-based P-biofertilizers showed significantly greater growth(P<0.05) than that of plants grown in soil treated with free-cell biofertilizer or the CCMP-based biofertilizer. Also, the peat- and WHP-based P-biofertilizers increased the available P content in soil.     

生物转化玉米浆生产生物菌肥的共生发酵特性

玉米深加工是全球第二大宗农产品加工行业,玉米淀粉制备过程中产生大量的副产物,如玉米浆（Maize Steep Liquor, MSL）。玉米浆色深味重、毒素含量高、处理困难,已经成为众多玉米深加工企业发展的桎梏。该研究主要利用玉米浆中丰富的速效氮源和微生物的促生长因子进行微生物菌肥的开发。通过对前期筛选到的3株植物根际促生菌（PGPMs）的共生发酵研究,评估了3种菌在玉米浆中高密度发酵的可行性,并对发酵特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,三种菌通过共生发酵,并在模拟流加工业废料结晶糖母液作为补料时,发酵体系中的总生物量从6.6×109提升到了2.17×1010 CFU/mL,并在52 h氨基酸态氮含量达到最大。同时,采用葡萄糖模拟结晶葡萄糖母液流加补料显著提高了共生体系的总糖以及溶磷的利用率,可溶性磷利用率提高了近50%;此外,添加葡萄糖还能保持发酵体系的pH值稳定,奠定了生产稳定性。该研究为玉米浆的再利用提供了一种解决方法,对低成本生物肥料的开发与生产提供了一种新的思路。     

硅酸盐细菌与化肥配施对土壤养分的转化和烤烟生长发育的影响

研究了硅酸盐细菌与化肥配施对烤因和土壤的综合效应。结果表明：硅酸盐细菌能明显地促进土壤养分的转化，促进烟株对养分的吸收利用和生长发育，配合一定量的氮、磷、钾化肥施用效果更好。氮、磷、钾的转化效果分别比对照高１０．４％～５７．９％、１０．３％～２８．０％、２．６％～６７．３％，并能明显地促进烟株的生长发育。