Does Biochar Addition Influence the Change Points of Soil Phosphorus Leaching?

Phosphorus change point indicating the threshold related to P leaching, largely depends on soil properties. Increasing data have shown that biochar addition can improve soil retention capacity of ions. However, we have known little about weather biochar amendment influence the change point of P leaching. In this study, two soils added with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g biochar kg-1 were incubated at 25℃ for 14 d following adjusting the soil moisture to 50% water-holding capacity （WHC）. The soils with different available P values were then obtained by adding a series of KH2PO4 solution （ranging from 0 to 600 mg P kg-1 soil）, and subjecting to three cycles of drying and rewetting. The results showed that biochar addition significantly lifted the P change points in the tested soils, together with changes in soil pH, organic C, Olen-P and CaC12-P but little on exchangeable Ca and Mg, oxalate-extractable Fe and Al. The Olsen-P at the change points ranged from 48.65 to 185.07 mg kg-1 in the alluvial soil and 71.25 to 98.65 mg kg^-1 in the red soil, corresponding to CaCl2-P of 0.31-6.49 and 0.18-0.45 mg L~, respectively. The change points of the alluvial soil were readily changed by adding biochar compared with that of the red soil. The enhancement of change points was likely to be explained as the improvement of phosphate retention ability in the biochar-added soils.     

Effect of Crop-Straw Derived Biochars on Pb(Ⅱ) Adsorption in Two Variable Charge Soils

Two variable charge soils were incubated with biochars derived from straws of peanut, soybean, canola, and rice to investigate the effect of the biochars on their chemical properties and Pb（II） adsorption using batch experiments. The results showed soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） and pH significantly increased after 30 d of incubation with the biochars added. The incorporation of the biochars markedly increased the adsorption of Pb（II）, and both the electrostatic and non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms contributed to Pb（II） adsorption by the variable charge soils. Adsorption isotherms illustrated legume- straw derived biochars more greatly increased Pb（II） adsorption on soils through the non-electrostatic mechanism via the formation of surface complexes between Pb（II） and acid functional groups of the biochars than did non-legume straw biochars. The adsorption capacity of Pb（II） increased, while the desorption amount slightly decreased with the increasing suspension pH for the studied soils, especially in a high suspension pH, indicating that precipitation also plays an important role in immobilizing Pb（II） to the soils.     

微生物肥料对不同节肥水平下烤烟生长与产质的影响

通过大田随机区组试验研究了10%、20%、30%节肥水平下两种微生物肥料对烤烟生长及产质的影响。结果表明:(1)在团棵期和旺长期,烤烟的农艺性状随着减肥量的增加而降低,在30%节肥水平时,降低较为明显,对烤烟生长的影响较大。到成熟期,金农肥中肥各节肥水平对烤烟的农艺性状均有不同程度的提升,德根贝在10%节肥水平时,烤烟的农艺性状有提升,在20%和30%节肥水平时分别降低10.4%、4.9%。(2)烤烟在3种节肥水平下其经济性状与对照均无显著差异,但不同节肥水平之间存在差异。两种微生物肥料均在20%节肥水平时,烤烟经济性状表现最好。金农肥中肥效果较为明显,显著提高了烤烟上等烟比例、中上等烟比例及均价,且烤烟产值比对照、10%节肥水平、30%节肥水平分别增加12.5%、34.5%、28.2%。     

钾营养水平对大花蕙兰小苗生长及养分吸收的影响

为探讨钾营养水平对大花蕙兰生长的影响,以红花品种‘R-01’小苗(组培苗出瓶3个月)为试验材料,红松树皮为基质栽培,进行不同钾浓度营养液施肥处理。结果表明,100mg/L钾浓度对叶片长度有促进作用,且随着钾浓度增加,根系生长量显著增加而地上部分生长量反而下降。当钾浓度高于100mg/L时,叶片叶绿素水平降低。钾浓度的增加没有引起植物体内钾吸收量的显著增加;钾浓度100mg/L时,氮吸收明显增大,根部钙吸收也明显增加;钾浓度50mg/L时,叶片磷吸收量达到最大。本试验钾浓度对镁吸收没有显著影响。     

阴地厥提取物对运动训练大鼠不同组织抗氧化水平的影响

【目的】探讨阴地厥提取物(Scepteridium ternatumextract,STE)对运动训练大鼠心、肝、肾、脑、股四头肌等组织抗氧化水平的影响。【方法】将24只SD雄性大鼠随机分为安静对照组、运动对照组及运动+STE组,后2组大鼠进行7周的大强度跑台耐力训练,安静对照组自由活动不进行跑台训练,运动+STE组大鼠每天灌胃STE100mg/kg,其他2组灌服相同体积的生理盐水,每周最后1天测各组大鼠的体质量。第8周第1天取运动对照组和运动+STE组大鼠心、肝、肾、脑、股四头肌等组织样品,匀浆后分别测试各组大鼠不同组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。【结果】运动+STE组和运动对照组大鼠体质量与安静对照组比较均呈下降的趋势,其中运动+STE组大鼠体质量变化无显著性差异(P0.05),而运动对照组大鼠体质量变化有显著性差异(P0.05)。运动+STE组大鼠各组织T-AOC、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性和GSH含量显著或极显著高于运动对照组。运动+STE组大鼠各组织(除脑组织外)MDA含量显著低于运动对照组(P0.05),而高于安静对照组。【结论】阴地厥提取物可以改善长时间大强度耐力运动大鼠心、肝、肾、脑、股四头肌等组织的抗氧化水平,维持各组织抗氧酶活性和GSH含量,降低脂质过氧化反应,减少MDA的生成。     

小麦秸秆生物炭对石油烃污染土壤的修复作用

以小麦秸秆为原材料,在300℃下缺氧裂解3、6、8 h制备生物炭,比较了3种生物炭的产率、pH值、灰分以及C、H、N元素含量,表征了300℃、6 h生物炭的表面形态,并用其作为修复材料,对大港油田的石油污染土壤进行修复。结果表明,随裂解时间的延长,生物炭产率下降,pH值升高,灰分含量增加,H/C值下降,但产率、pH值、灰分和H/C值都是从3 h到6 h差异显著,6 h到8 h差异不显著。C元素含量先升高后下降。石油污染土壤经生物炭修复14 d和28d后,总石油烃降解率分别为45.48%和46.88%,均显著高于对照组。修复14 d后土壤中的萘、苊、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘也都有不同程度的下降,其中苯并[a]芘含量下降幅度达98.18%,其他几种PAH的降解率也都高于对照组,28 d后这些PAH的含量又有上升趋势。这说明小麦秸秆裂解时间对生物炭的性质有影响;300℃、6h生物炭可以用来修复石油污染的土壤。     

生物质炭对伊乐藻堆肥过程氨挥发的作用效应研究

针对水生植物堆肥过程中氮素损失严重的现状,探讨以生物质炭为添加剂的堆肥体氨挥发控制技术,以伊乐藻和稻草为供试材料,采用静态高温好氧堆肥的方法,在生物质炭不同添加比例条件下,监测了伊乐藻与稻草混合堆置过程中氨挥发及其影响因素的变化动态。结果表明:整个堆肥过程中,氨累积挥发量与生物质炭添加比例关系密切(P0.01),与不添加生物质炭的常规对照处理相比,添加比例为5%、10%的处理增加了氨的累积挥发量,而添加比例为15%、20%的处理降低了氨的累积挥发量;不同堆肥时间段,生物质炭不同添加比例处理0~3 d的氨累积挥发量均大于对照,4~6 d的氨累积挥发量,除添加比例5%处理外,均小于对照;伊乐藻堆肥体的氨挥发速率与堆温、铵态氮含量具有显著的偏相关性,其偏相关性均达到P0.05的显著水平;增加生物质炭添加比例,不仅提高了堆肥温度,对堆肥体的氨挥发损失具有负向的促进作用,同时也降低了堆肥体的铵态氮含量,对堆肥体的氨挥发损失具有正向的抑制作用,生物质炭对伊乐藻堆肥体氮素的氨挥发损失具有促进与抑制双重性的作用效应。     

生物炭对灌淤土氮素流失及水稻产量的影响

针对宁夏引黄灌区氮素流失严重的现状,通过大田试验研究生物炭施于灌淤土对水稻产量、水稻生育期内氮素运移特征及氮素流失量的影响。在常规施肥条件下设置高量炭(C3N300:9000 kg·hm-2);中量炭(C2N300:6750 kg·hm-2);低量炭(C1N300:4500 kg·hm-2)和不施炭(C0N300:0 kg·hm-2)4个处理。研究结果表明,生物炭和氮肥配合施用,对稻田田面水和渗漏水中氮素动态有一定影响,表现为总氮(TN)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)浓度随生物炭用量增加而降低,铵态氮(NH+4-N)浓度升高;在对各层土壤氮素动态的影响上,表现为20 cm处渗漏水中氮素浓度受生物炭用量影响明显,但100 cm处氮素浓度受影响较小。对水稻生育期内氮素径流损失的影响表现为随生物炭施用量增加,田面水TN和NO-3-N径流流失风险下降,但NH+4-N径流流失风险增加;本研究条件下添加生物炭对NO-3-N和NH+4-N淋失没有表现出影响,TN淋失表现为随生物炭用量增加而降低,其中TN淋失量最小的是C3N300处理,整个生育期内淋失量为26.28 kg·hm-2,与常规施肥处理C0N300相比,减少9.45%。另外,添加生物炭增加水稻穗粒数和穗数,使水稻理论产量显著增加15.3%~44.9%,其中C3N300产量显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。生物炭用于灌淤土对水稻产量有促进作用,对降低稻田氮素淋失也表现出积极效果。     

牛粪源和木源生物炭对Pb（Ⅱ）和Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附机理研究

在700℃热解条件下制得牛粪源生物炭(DMBC)和木源生物炭(WC)。研究了二者对水体中Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附去除能力,分析了相关污染物去除机理。结果表明:DMBC的比表面积和碳元素含量均远小于WC,但去除效率却远高于后者。FTIR光谱分析和XRD分析表明,DMBC中含有大量矿物组分(如磷等),易与重金属离子生成沉淀。因此在吸附去除过程中发挥主导作用的是沉淀机制。Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在DMBC上的竞争吸附和单组分吸附结果类似,验证了该结论的正确性。而Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在WC上的单组分和双组分吸附结果相差较大,这说明重金属离子在WC上的吸附是以表面吸附为主。以上研究证实,牛粪源生物炭比木源生物炭更适合用于水体中各类重金属污染的去除。     

The influence of feeding history on the acute stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of an 80-day maintenance-feeding period on the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to net confinement was determined. Fish were raised on an optimal feeding level of 20 g food/kg of metabolic fish weight per day (g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹) until 124 days post-hatch (dph). Feeding in group one (L>H) was then reduced to maintenance levels, i.e. 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ until 204 dph, when the feeding was again increased to 20 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹. In group two (H>L), the feeding level was reduced from 20 to 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ on day 146. All fish were sampled at 226 dph. Food ration had significant effects on the growth rate and food conversion values with fish fed the high ration performing better than those on a lower level. Prior to the application of the stressor, only plasma levels of triglycerides were lower in fish fed a low food ration (H>L). Feeding history influenced the onset of the stress response with stressor-induced elevations of plasma cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids being higher in fish fed a high ration compared with those fed a low ration prior to sampling. These results suggest that feeding history through modification of the energy reserves can influence the onset of the acute stress response.