紫胶蚧与寄主植物氨基酸含量关系初步研究

采用主分量分析、聚类分析等方法研究7种寄主植物氨基酸含量与紫胶蚧关系,结果显示：(1)不同寄主植物和是否被寄生的枝条之间,氨基酸含量存在差异。(2)当寄主植物枝条与久树1年生枝条氨基酸含量相近时,能产生较厚的胶被;偏离久树1年生枝条氨基酸含量越远,紫胶蚧在该寄主植物上的死亡率、怀卵量越高。(3)紫胶蚧寄生后久树枝条中氨基酸总量减少了35％左右,天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、苷氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的含量也都存在不同程度减少,但久树枝条中蛋氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸含量比未放虫枝条中高。其他寄主植物放虫枝条中也有不同种类的氨基酸含量比未放虫枝条中升高或降低的现象。     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.     

中国水稻主产区白叶枯病菌致病型分析及近等基因系鉴别寄主的构建

【目的】分析中国不同稻区白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）致病型,建立近等基因系鉴别寄主,为白叶枯病菌群体结构田间实时准确监测、抗性品种应用以及抗病育种提供科学依据。【方法】利用中国鉴别寄主、IR24以及15个抗白叶枯病近等基因系等共21个鉴别寄主,采用人工剪叶接种方法,对2018—2021年采自广东、广西、海南、浙江、湖南、辽宁、云南共7个省（自治区）的954个单菌落分离菌株进行致病型测定,探明白叶枯病菌致病型种类、分布及毒性分化;基于测试菌株与15个近等基因系及IR24的抗感互作,应用主成分因子分析法,开展近等基因系与病菌互作的变量因子分析,构建白叶枯病菌致病型近等基因系鉴别寄主;基于抗病基因与测试菌株的抗感反应,分析抗病基因聚合效应。【结果】954个测试菌株在中国鉴别寄主上鉴定出11个致病型,包括SRRRR（I）、SSRRR（Ⅱ）、SSSRR（Ⅲ）、SSSSR（Ⅳ）、SSRRS（V）、SRSRR（Ⅵ）、SSSSS（Ⅸ）、SSSRS（新型1）、SRSRS（新型2）、SRSSS（新型3）以及SSRSS（新型4）,占测试菌株的比率分别为11.53％、4.82％、7.34％、6.18％、7.23％、1.05%、59.96％、1.57%、0.10%、0.10%、0.10%。Ⅸ型菌作为致病性最广的强毒菌系已上升为华南和长江中下游湖南和浙江稻区的优势致病型,西南稻区的云南以Ⅳ型菌为主,东北稻区的辽宁以I型菌为主。15个水稻抗白叶枯病近等基因系对954个菌株的抗感性分析结果表明,测试的15个近等基因系可分为5种类型,第Ⅰ类为高感基因系,包括IRBB1、IRBB2、IRBB10、IRBB11、IRBB4;第Ⅱ类为中感基因系,包括IRBB3、IRBB203、IRBB14;第Ⅲ类为中抗基因系,包括IRBB8、IRBB13;第Ⅳ类为抗病基因系,有IRBB21;第Ⅴ类为高抗基因系,包括IRBB5、IRBB7、CBB23、GDBB23;测试菌株中,出现可侵染抗病基因xa5的有42个、Xa7的有34个、Xa23的有31个。对以白叶枯病近等基因系为主的16个品种（系）与954个菌株组成的抗感互作变量数据矩阵进行因子分析,以解释总变量>85.0%为界,提取出8个主成分因子,组建了以近等基因系为主的10个品种(系)组成白叶枯病菌近等基因系鉴别寄主,按其对变量方差贡献大小,这些寄主分别为IRBB10（Xa10）、IRBB4（Xa4）、GDBB23（Xa23）、IRBB5（xa5）、IRBB7（Xa7）、IRBB21（Xa21）、IR24（Xa18）、IRBB13（xa13）、IRBB3（Xa3）、金刚30;新鉴别寄主可将954个测试菌株划分为55个致病型,对测试稻区的白叶枯病菌菌株表现出较好的鉴别力。基因聚合联合抗性分析表明,不同抗病基因聚合对病菌的抗性频率有一定的提升,不同抗病基因对测试菌株的抗性具有一定的互补性。【结论】监测稻区的白叶枯病菌系趋向多样化,毒性分化明显,强毒菌系Ⅸ型菌在部分稻区已上升为优势致病型,侵染xa5、Xa7及Xa23等广谱抗性基因的菌株有上升趋势;抗病基因聚合可拓宽品种对病原菌系的抗性谱,是培育广谱抗性品种的有效途径;近等基因系鉴别寄主的建立与应用可为白叶枯病发生流行的精准监测以及田间实时预警提供技术支撑。     

中链脂肪酸抗菌和诱导防御肽表达的功能及其在仔猪饲料中的应用

近年,越来越多的研究表明,中链脂肪酸（MCFAs）抵抗病原菌是哺乳动物先天防御系统的重要组成部分,而且MCFAs也能够诱导人、猪和鸡内源性防御肽的表达,MCFAs的这些新功能尚未引起重视。MCFAs还和饲用有机酸或饲用植物精油具有协同抗菌增效作用,可以减少这些活性物质的使用量。相比于长链脂肪酸,日粮中添加MCFAs能显著地提高动物机体内氧气消耗量和线粒体呼吸速率,但产生活性氧自由基少,特别适合幼龄动物肠代谢和肝代谢所需的快速能量供应特点。日粮添加低浓度MCFAs（0.1%—0.5%,质量比）能显著提高新生或断奶仔猪存活率、粗蛋白粗脂肪消化率、饲料转化率,调节肠道菌群和改善肠上皮结构,进而促进生长。基于MCFAs的上述功能,将MCFAs与饲用有机酸或植物精油复配制备成微囊颗粒,可能是其用于仔猪抗生素替代品的尚佳方式。     

Tomato mottle mosaic virus: Characterization,resistance gene effectiveness,and quintuplex RT-PCR detection system

Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), an economically important species of the genus Tobamovirus, causes significant loss in yield and quality of tomato fruits. Here, we identified the Shandong isolate of ToMMV (ToMMV-SD) collected from symptomatic tomato fruits in Weifang, Shandong Province of China. ToMMV-SD caused symptoms such as severe mosaic, mottling, and necrosis of tomato leaves, yellow spot and necrotic lesions on tomato fruits. The obtained full genome of ToMMV-SD was 6 399 nucleotides (accession number MW373515) and had the highest identity of 99.5% with that of isolate SC13-051 from the United States of America at the genomic level. The infectious clone of ToMMV-SD was constructed and induced clear mosaic and necrotic symptoms onto Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Several commercial tomato cultivars, harboring Tm-2² resistance gene, and pepper cultivars, containing L resistance gene, were susceptible to ToMMV-SD. Plants of Solanum melongena (eggplant) and Brassica pekinensis (napa cabbage) showed mottling symptoms, while N. tabacum cv. Zhongyan 100 displayed latent infection. ToMMV-SD did not infect plants of N. tabacum cv. Xanthi NN, Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (bok choy), Raphanus sativus (radish), Vigna unguiculata cv. Yuanzhong 28-2 (cowpea), or Tm-2² transgenic N. benthamiana. A quintuplex RT-PCR system differentiated ToMMV from tomato mosaic virus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus, with the threshold amount of 0.02 pg. These results highlight the threat posed by ToMMV to tomato and pepper cultivation and offer an efficient detection system for the simultaneous detection of four tobamoviruses and tomato spotted wilt virus infecting tomato plants in the field.     

井渠轮灌下秸秆还田对土壤含盐量与玉米产量的影响

为探究井渠轮灌下不同秸秆还田的耕作模式对土壤含盐量及玉米产量的影响,设置“渠井渠”灌溉模式下无秸秆还田的常规耕作（CK）、秸秆表覆旋耕（BF）、秸秆深埋深翻（SM）和秸秆混拌旋耕（HB）4种处理,于2018年和2019年在河套灌区开展了井水与渠水轮灌下不同秸秆还田方式的田间试验。结果表明,井渠轮灌下各处理收获后1m土体均积盐,秸秆还田处理均显著降低土壤积盐率（P<0.05）,BF、SM和HB处理积盐率较CK处理分别下降8.7、12.4、6.9个百分点,SM处理积盐率最小,仅为3.2%,且在20~40cm土层形成脱盐区;收获后CK处理不同土层饱和浸提液的钠吸附比（SAR）较初始值提高10.2%~53.3%,土壤钠质化风险很大;秸秆还田处理有效降低了SAR,SM处理收获后不同土层的SAR最小,较初始值下降了0.4%~73.0%,可有效缓解土壤钠质化。通径分析表明,玉米产量主要决策因子是穗长,限制因子是秃尖长。BF、SM和HB处理分别较CK增产11.2%、19.8%、11.6%,水分利用效率提高18.4%、36.1%、21.2%,SM处理综合效果较好。该研究可为河套灌区地下微咸水安全利用和秸秆资源化利用提供理论依据。     

Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds

ABSTRACT: To date, aquatic feeds have depended heavily on fishmeal and fish oil as their source of protein and lipid. However, the feed industry is encountering shortfalls in the availability of these ingredients because of a decline in the number of fish captured in the wild and the increased human demand for some of the species currently being used for fishmeal and oil production. Therefore, efforts are now being directed in different parts of the world to finding alternative quality ingredients, which ideally are less expensive and readily available for use in practical diets. The data accrued have shown that a large proportion of both fishmeal and fish oil can be replaced by other protein and lipid sources. However, it is emphasized that an optimal essential amino acid balance be maintained and that the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirement be satisfied when combining economical protein and lipid ingredients. Newly developed feeds should aim at being nutrient-dense in order to reduce the output of solid, P and N waste. This can be done through improving nutrient availability, optimizing the digestible protein to energy balance of the diet, and replacing dietary fishmeal with alternate ingredients. These diets should also be effective for maintaining good health and improving disease resistance in fish through enhancement of immune responses. A wholesome approach to culturing fish would be to use appropriate feeding standards that are aimed not only at improving economic returns but also at developing a lasting cohabitation of sustainable aquaculture and a cleaner environment. Furthermore, in the 2lst century aquaculture would still retain its place as a prominent source of food protein, signifying that fish feed research remains a forceful area in discovering better feeds for the industry.     

Experimental Final Hosts of Metagonimus Hakubaensis (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) and Their Suitability to the Fluke

Seven laboratory mammal and bird species were orally inoculated with 200–1,000 encysted Metagonimus hakubaensis metacercariae that had been isolated from naturally infected lampreys (Lethenteron reissneri) captured in Aomori Prefecture. At 8 and 15 days post-infection, adult flukes were recovered from all of the laboratory animals tested, and therefore, hamster, rat, mouse, dog, cat, chicken and quail were considered as final hosts of M. hakubaensis. Recovery rates of the fluke were higher in dogs and hamsters than in cats, rats, mice, chickens and quails. The flukes recovered from dogs and hamsters showed increased body length and higher fecundity than those recovered from the other hosts. These results indicate that the suitability of dogs and hamsters for M. hakubaensis infection is higher than that of the other laboratory animals.