西瓜枯萎病研究进展

综合叙述了近年来国内外有关西瓜抗枯萎病机理研究和抗性遗传的报道，其中着重阐述了西瓜枯萎病菌的专化性及其生理小种的种类，并提出了一系列综合防治措施，以期对西瓜的生产、研究有一定的参考价值。     

G protein signalling involved in host recognition and mycoparasitismrelated chitinase expression in Trichoderma atroviride

Mycoparasitic species of Trichoderma are commercially applied as biological control agents against various fungal pathogens. The mycoparasitic interaction is host specific and includes recognition, attack and subsequent penetration and killing of the host. Investigations on the underlying events revealed that Trichoderma responds to multiple signals from the host (e.g. lectins or other ligands such as low molecular weight components released from the host's cell wall) and host attack is ac…     

多主棒孢菌在黄瓜、番茄和茄子寄主上致病力的分化

 对从山东、辽宁和北京蔬菜栽培地采集的黄瓜、番茄及茄子发病组织上分离的31株多主棒孢菌,和从海南橡胶上分离的10株多主棒孢菌,采用喷雾接种的方法,测定其在盆栽黄瓜、番茄和茄子上的致病力。试验结果表明,不同寄主来源菌株的致病力间存在明显的差异,寄主来源同致病力分化之间具有显著的相关性,从而证明多主棒孢菌的种内菌株存在寄主专化性的特征。相同寄主和相同地理来源的病原菌群体中致病力也存在强、中、弱的差异,说明多主棒孢菌具有明显的致病力分化现象。     

灌水方式与施钙水平对盆栽番茄产量和品质的影响

分别在喷施氯化钙溶液质量分数为0%、0.3%、0.5%、0.8%、1.0%条件下进行3种不同灌水方式即常规全根灌溉(CI)、分根区固定灌溉(PRD)和分根区交替灌溉(APRI)的盆栽试验,测定番茄产量和品质.结果表明,分根区交替灌溉(APRI)番茄植株长势、果实产量和品质均显著优于分根区固定灌溉(PRD)和常规全根灌溉...     

再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯中重金属累积和分布的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯重金属累积及分布的影响.结果表明,不同的灌溉条件处理下,4种重金属在马铃薯内积累趋势表现为:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd;Cd在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶、根>果实;Pb在马铃薯内的分布趋势为叶>根>茎、果实;Cu在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶>根>果实;Zn在马铃薯内的分布趋...     

华石斛原生境条件下人工播种的初步探讨

由于人为的采挖和原生境的破坏,华石斛野生资源受到严重威胁。因此,保护华石斛野生资源及其生境,加快野生植株的繁殖显得非常重要。该研究以华石斛种子为材料,分别于7月和9月,播种于不同的附生宿主树种(毛绵杜鹃,竹叶松,碎叶蒲桃,大叶布拉栎和大果马蹄荷),并监测其种子萌发的状况。研究结果表明:(1)华石斛种子对附生树种有一定的选择性。人工播种的毛绵杜鹃上均有原球茎萌发,萌发率达到100%,平均每株树萌发14.71个原球茎。竹叶松和碎叶蒲桃上的原球茎数增加的差异不明显,对照大叶布拉栎和大果马蹄荷则没有原球茎萌发。(2)播种时间影响华石斛种子萌发与原球茎的形成。7月份播种的毛绵杜鹃和竹叶松,原球茎萌发数较多;9月份播种的碎叶蒲桃上萌发的原球茎远远高于毛绵杜鹃和竹叶松上,达到为4.5个/株。该实验结果暗示雨季可能是华石斛播种的最佳时期。此外,人工播种树上萌发的原球茎基本集中在华石斛植株上方30cm至下方40cm的范围内,这为今后播种位置的选择提供了依据。     

Infection processes and soft wheat response to root rot and crown rot caused by Fusarium culmorum

An isolate of the fungus Fusarium culmorum constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein was used to investigate the infection process and host response of primary seedling roots and stem base leaf sheaths of soft wheat cv. Genio. Disease progress was assessed macroscopically by visual symptoms, microscopically by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and via gene expression analysis of fungal and wheat genes by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR. In the roots, CLSM investigations revealed an initial intercellular and subsequent intracellular colonization by fungal hyphae. The fungus invaded the rhizodermal layer and cortex but was not seen to colonize the stele. The fungus consistently expressed TRI5 (24, 48 and 96 h post‐inoculation), indicating that trichothecenes were being synthesized throughout this phase of infection and colonization. The expression of the six host defence‐associated genes (Wheatwin 1‐2, PR1, Chitinase, PAL, WIR1 and LOX) increased early in infection and decreased during later stages. In the stem base, CLSM observations revealed the fungus sequentially penetrating though the first, second and third basal leaf sheaths. Expression of TRI5 was initiated early in the infection of each leaf sheath. The expression of the host defence‐associated genes varied over time and across leaf sheaths, and all were also expressed in leaf sheaths which had not yet been in contact with the fungus. Expression of LOX and WIR1 were particularly enhanced in the third leaf sheath.     

Taxonomy,distribution and biology of lettuce powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum sensu stricto)

This paper reviews the taxonomy, biology, importance, host–pathogen interactions and control of lettuce powdery mildew. The main causal agent of this disease, Golovinomyces cichoracearum s.s., is an important powdery mildew pathogen of many members of the family Asteraceae. The pathogen is distributed worldwide and occurs on Lactuca sativa as well as wild Lactuca spp. and related taxa (e.g. Cichorium spp.). Powdery mildew of lettuce can be a major problem in production areas with favourable environmental conditions for disease development (dry, hot weather). The fungus grows ectophytically and appears as white, powdery growth on both the upper and lower sides of leaves. There is rather limited information on the geographic distribution of powdery mildew on wild Lactuca spp. Most L. sativa cultivars have been found to be susceptible. Large variability in virulence was confirmed and existence of different races is supposed. Resistance in L. sativa and some related wild Lactuca spp. is characterized by race‐specificity, but the genetic background of resistance is poorly understood. Sources of resistance are known in L. saligna and L. virosa. Lettuce powdery mildew can be effectively controlled by common fungicides (e.g. sulphur, myclobutanil, quinoline, strobilurins, etc.) and protective compounds (e.g. extract of neem oil, Reynoutria sachaliensis extracts). However, fungicide resistance may arise. Non‐fungicidal activators of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) had no direct effect on the causal agent. Future issues regarding lettuce powdery mildew research are summarized.     

浓核病毒研究概述

浓核病毒属于细小病毒科浓核病毒亚科,病毒颗粒为二十面体,无包膜,直径在18~30nm左右,基因组为单链DNA,末端具有发卡结构,大小为4～6kb,只感染无脊椎动物细胞。本文介绍了浓核病毒基因组的表达策略、宿主域及其决定因子、昆虫对浓核病毒的抗性机制,以及浓核病毒在卫生和农业领域潜在的应用价值。此外,也概括了浓核病毒对无脊椎动物养殖业潜在的威胁。     

三种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的卵龄选择

灰白蚕蛾Ocinara varia.是近年来华南地区为害较严重的园林害虫,为筛选有效防治灰白蚕蛾的赤眼蜂种,在室内条件下比较了短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendroli-mi和暗黑赤眼蜂T.euproctidis对不同卵龄灰白蚕蛾卵的寄生能力和适应能力.结果显示,随寄主卵龄的增加松毛虫赤眼蜂和暗黑赤眼蜂寄生卵数均呈下降趋势,且都在灰白蚕蛾卵龄为6h的卵上寄生卵数最多,分别为15.90粒/雌和12.20粒/雌;而短管赤眼蜂的寄生卵数随寄主卵龄的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,在卵龄为24 h时达最高,为8.25粒/雌;在各卵龄段,松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄生卵数均比其它2种蜂多;当寄主卵龄超过72 h时,3种赤眼蜂的寄生卵数均显著下降.3种赤眼蜂在寄生卵龄为6h的寄生卵上羽化率最高,当卵龄超过72 h时,其羽化率均显著下降.松毛虫赤眼蜂和暗黑赤眼蜂对6h卵龄的灰白蚕蛾卵致死能力最强,而短管赤眼蜂对24 h卵龄的灰白蚕蛾卵致死能力最强.综合分析表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的寄生能力和适应能力最好,是灰白蚕蛾的有效天敌.