Allelopathic potential of K21, selected as a promising allelopathic rice

The agronomic characteristics of a newly bred potent allelopathic rice, K21, including morphological appearance, resembled its female parent, Dongjinbyeo, except for 8 days' earlier heading and 9 cm shorter plant height. The water extract of K21 showed a greater inhibitory effect on the shoot and root growth of barnyardgrass than its female parent, but less than the male parent, Kouketsumochi. At the highest extract concentration of 5.0%, the inhibitory effect of K21 on the shoot growth of barnyardgrass was ≈ 64%, similar to its male parent. The dry weight of the barnyardgrass shoot was reduced by 13.0% when grown with K21 and 30.2% when grown with its male parent. There was no inhibitory effect on the shoot dry weight of barnyardgrass when grown with the female parent. The activity of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase in K21 was ≈ 1.8-fold higher than that of the female parent, but significantly lower than that of the male parent. The ρ-coumaric acid content in K21 was ≈ 60% higher than that of the female parent, but it was about half of the male parent. The total amount of phenolic compounds in K21 was ≈ 11.5% higher than in the female parent, but about half of the male parent. The results obtained suggest that the newly bred K21 contains desirable allelopathic traits derived from the male parent, Kouketsumochi, and acceptable agronomic traits from its female parent, Dongjinbyeo.     

芒果叶片水提液对我国南方6种牧草的化感作用

[目的]筛选出适宜在我国南方芒果园下间作的优质牧草品种,为探索并建立我国南方芒果园人工草地的最优化利用模式提供理论依据.[方法]采用生物测定法研究5个浓度梯度(1.00％、0.50％、0.20％、0.10％和0.05％)的芒果叶片水提液对我国南方6种牧草(色拉特罗大翼豆、羽扇豆、紫花苜蓿、热研2号柱花草、热研11号黑籽雀稗和多年生黑麦草)和两种模式受体植物(大豆和水稻)的化感作用.[结果]除个别受体植物对低浓度的芒果叶片水提液表现出化感促进作用外,大部分表现出明显的化感抑制作用,且处理浓度越高,抑制作用越强.不同受体植物对芒果叶片水提液的化感综合效应各异,芒果园下供试豆科牧草的适应性排序为:羽扇豆＞紫花苜蓿＞热研2号柱花草＞色拉特罗大翼豆;禾本科牧草为:多年生黑麦草＞热研1 1号黑籽雀稗.[结论]在南方芒果园下可首选羽扇豆和多年生黑麦草进行间种,其田间管理应注意及时防除杂草,并适时浇水施肥.     

木薯根系分泌物与土壤浸出液对橡胶树2种致病菌的化感效果

采用平板试验,通过生长速率法分析木薯根系分泌物及其土壤浸出液对橡胶树白根病病菌及棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果,为判断胶园林下种植木薯的可行性提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）木薯根系分泌物对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌均表现为化感促进效果,但在任一处理时间,不同浓度间对白根病病菌的化感效果与对照均未达显著差异,而对棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果呈现明显的剂量效应,浓度达40 mg/mL时,化感促进效果与对照达到显著水平。（2）木薯根系分泌物的任一浓度,对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果,在不同处理天数间均未达到显著水平。（3）木薯土壤浸出液对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌均呈现化感促进效果,且存在明显的剂量效应;对橡胶树白根病病菌,处理后2 d,达到显著化感效果所需浸出液浓度至少为40 mg/mL,处理后3 d和处理后4 d,达到显著化感效果所需浸出液浓度至少为8 mg/mL;对棒孢霉落叶病病菌,在任一处理时间达到显著化感效果的浸出液浓度均至少为200 mg/mL。（4）土壤浸出液小于8 mg/mL时,3个处理时间之间的橡胶树白根病病菌化感效果无显著差异,当浓度达到40 mg/mL时,处理后2 d的化感促进效果显著大于处理后3 d和4 d;4种土壤浸出液的任一浓度,对橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果在不同处理时间之间均未达到显著差异。所以说,幼龄胶园间作木薯会在一定程度上促进橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病和白根病的发生。     

蟛蜞菊化感作用的初步研究

以蟛蜞菊[Wedelia chinensis(Osbeck) Merrill]地上部分的二氯甲烷提取物为化感物质,初步研究了蟛蜞菊对萝卜种子萌发和稗草幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明:蟛蜞菊对萝卜的种子萌发和对稗草的幼苗生长均有抑制作用,随着化感物质浓度的增大抑制作用增强;且蟛蜞菊对稗草根生长的抑制作用强于对芽的。     

基于系统工程原理的作物化感潜力评价及其应用初探

 【目的】探索作物化感潜力评价方法，分析作物整体化感潜势，理论评价黄土高原旱作小麦的综合化感潜势。【方法】建立作物化感潜力的系统工程评价模型，提出作物植株整体评价的定量描述方法，对黄土高原半干旱区4种普通小麦品种化感潜力进行理论上的整体评价和总体化感潜力比较。【结果】对黄土高原半干旱区4种普通小麦品种的化感潜力综合评价理论上得出其化感潜力总体处于较低水平，其中化感潜力综合表现为小偃22号>宁冬1号>丰产3号>碧玛1号。【结论】系统工程评价模型的建立对于辅助快速有效地评价作物品种和单植株的化感潜力和培育具有抗草和高产优质及相关优良农艺特征作物新品种具有重要的科学指导意义。     

飞机草化感作用的初步研究

对飞机草（Chromolaena odoratum (L.)R.M.King and H.Robinson.)乙醇提取物的化感作用了初步研究。结果表明，飞机草乙醇提取物对豇豆、青瓜、萝卜、菜心、大白菜、小白菜和水稻、稗草具有不同程度的化感作用，总体上呈现出低促高抑的现象，且随着溶液浓度增大而抑制作用增强。其中干物质为0.1g/mL的飞机草乙醇提取物溶液对菜心、大白菜和小白菜的种子萌发、幼苗生长、根长生长抑制作用最为明显；干物质为0.01、0.002g/mL溶液对小白菜、大白菜和稗草的幼苗生长均具有一定的促进作用；干物质为0.01、0.002g/mL溶液对青瓜、小白菜和稗草根长生长也具有一定的促进作用。     

A Preliminary Study on Systems Engineering-Based Method for the Evaluation of Allelopathic Potential in Crops and Its Application

The objective of this study was to develop a method to assess and analyze the total allelopathic potential of crop germplasm and to test this method on four winter wheat accessions commonly planted in the Loess Plateau. A systems engineering model was developed and used to evaluate the total allelopathic potential of crop cultivars. In addition, a method for quantifying the total allelopathic potential in crop accessions was presented. Total allelopathic potential of four winter wheat accessions from the Loess Plateau was estimated and compared using a systems theory approach. The model assessed allelopathic potential in different parts of the plants from the time wheat turned green in spring until maturity. Results from these models indicated that the four wheat accessions had very weak allelopathic potential. Allelopathic potential declined in the order Xiaoyan 22 〉 Ningdong 1 〉 Fengchan 3 〉 Bima 1. This system engineering evaluation method allows for the assessment of allelopathic potential among crop varieties. It will help plant breeders to select and develop allelopathic crop accessions that combine weed suppression properties with agronomic traits related to yield and quality.     

浒苔与球等鞭金藻相互抑制的实验验证

研究了实验室条件下漂浮绿潮海藻浒苔（Ulva prolifera ）与微藻球等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）之间的相互抑制作用,并对作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明,在浒苔和球等鞭金藻初接种量分别为1 gFW/L和1×10⁴ cells/mL的共培养系统中,实验初始阶段（前3 d）NO₃^-、PO₄^3-浓度显著高于浒苔和球等鞭金藻各单培养组,说明共培养系统中浒苔和球等鞭金藻彼此之间产生了显著抑制作用,其中浒苔对球等鞭金藻抑制率为96.62%,球等鞭金藻对浒苔的抑制率为19.67%,从而导致对NO₃^-、PO₄^3-吸收速率的降低;从第4天到实验结束,共培养体系中NO₃^-、PO₄^3-浓度逐渐升高,镜检也显示浒苔和球等鞭金藻细胞发生了断裂、肿胀和死亡现象,而单培养组中NO₃^-、PO₄^3-浓度持续下降,说明共培养系统中由于浒苔和球等鞭金藻的死亡而向培养液中释放了营养盐。本研究表明在营养盐浓度和浒苔生物量相对较低的情况下,浒苔和球等鞭金藻彼此之间存在化感作用。     

氮磷对铜绿微囊藻化感抗性的诱导效应

【目的】探讨氮磷因子对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,分析氮磷对铜绿微囊藻化感抗性的诱导效应,为有效预防和控制蓝藻水华提供参考。【方法】在光照、温度等恒定的条件下,以标准BG11培养液作为对照,以喜旱莲子草浸提液为化感逆境,模拟研究不同质量浓度氮(0,132.00,198.00,247.50,495.00 mg/L N-NO3-)、磷(0,3.56,7.12,14.24,28.48 mg/L P-HPO42-)对铜绿微囊藻化感抗性的诱导效应。【结果】铜绿微囊藻的生物量与氮质量浓度呈正相关,磷质量浓度变化对铜绿微囊藻生物量的影响不大(磷为0 mg/L且处于起始迟滞期除外);随着氮质量浓度的逐渐升高,氮可诱导铜绿微囊藻的化感抗性逐渐减弱,且其对起始迟滞期的诱导效应较其对起始对数期的诱导效应更为显著;随着磷质量浓度的逐渐升高,磷也可诱导铜绿微囊藻的化感抗性逐渐减弱(磷为0 mg/L且处于起始迟滞期除外),但对处于起始迟滞期和起始对数期的铜绿微囊藻化感抗性的诱导效应均不明显;添加适量的喜旱莲子草浸提液后,铜绿微囊藻的生物量倍增时间随氮质量浓度的升高而显著延长,随着磷质量浓度的升高而略有延长。【结论】氮、磷可诱导铜绿微囊藻的化感抗性形成,但随着氮、磷质量浓度的升高,铜绿微囊藻的化感抗性逐渐减弱,且氮是微囊藻化感抗性形成的主导性因子,对铜绿微囊藻化感抗性的诱导效应强于磷。     

添加水稻秸秆对油菜(Brassican apus L.)幼苗生长的影响

近几年,水稻秸秆直接还田对油菜幼苗生长的负效应受到关注。有许多研究在水稻残体或腐解物中检测出了酚酸等被广泛证实具有化感作用的物质,因此在水稻秸秆产生的负效应中,化感抑制作用不容忽视。本研究以酚酸为目标化感物质,以湖北省油菜主栽品种"中双11号"为受体,采用4种采自典型稻油轮作系统中的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究水稻秸秆对油菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)整体看来,添加秸秆对油菜幼苗总生物量的主效应在进贤土为正,在汉川土为负,在阳逻和麻城土为无明显影响;(2)功能叶片光合色素含量在全部土壤下的显著降低均出现在播种后33d之内,与水稻秸秆腐解速率最大值的出现与存在时间上的重叠。秸秆处理对油菜幼苗的负效应在早期强于后期;(3)土壤水溶态酚酸含量为3.3~49.0μg·g^-1soil。添加秸秆虽导致土壤中水溶态酚酸浓度增加,但其明显增加主要发生在试验后期,且增量与幼苗生物量化感效应指数呈正相关关系。因此酚酸含量的变化不能解释水稻秸秆的负效应,为揭示秸秆处理的负效应机制,需要转换目标化感物质。