Evaluation of Indian rock phosphates for predicting agronomic potential through chemical and biological methods

ABSTRACT

The chemical reactivity of Indian rock phosphates (RPs) was measured by five chemical extraction methods (i.e. water, neutral ammonium citrate (NCA), 2% citric acid (CA), 2% formic acid (FA) and absolute citrate solubility (ACS)). These measurements were assessed by agronomic response data obtained by growing ryegrass and palmarosa in two highly weathered acidic soils under pot culture experiment. The phosphorus (P) solubility value of RP measured by different methods followed the order: ACS > 2% CA > 2% FA > NAC > water. Considering triple superphosphate (TSP) as a standard reference P fertilizer, the agronomic response of RPs followed the order Udaipur RP > Jhabua RP ≥ Purulia RP > Mussorie RP. Methods based on citrate solubility (i.e. NAC, 2% CA and ACS) were significantly and positively correlated with agronomic response irrespective of the plant species and soil types. The best correlation value obtained with NCA indicated that P solubility in NAC solution may offer better prediction of agronomic effectiveness of RP in terms of biomass yield, relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) and P recovery efficiency. So, the present investigation will help to predict the agronomic effectiveness of low-grade RP based on chemical methods.     

Analysis of bacterial communities on alkaline phosphatase genes in soil supplied with organic matter

Abstract

We studied the effects of the application of organic matter (OM) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and ALP-harboring bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soil in an experimental lettuce field in Hokkaido, Japan. The ALP activity was higher in soils with OM than in soils with CF, and activity was higher in the rhizosphere for OM than in the bulk soil. Biomass P and available P in the soil were positively related to the ALP activity of the soil. As a result, the P concentration of lettuce was higher in OM soil than in CF soil. We analyzed the ALP-harboring bacterial communities using polymerase chain reaction based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) on the ALP genes. Numerous ALP genes were detected in the DGGE profile, regardless of sampling time, fertilizer treatment or sampled soil area, which indicated a large diversity in ALP-harboring bacteria in the soil. Several ALP gene fragments were closely related to the ALP genes of Mesorhizobium loti and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The community structures of the ALP-harboring bacteria were assessed using principal component analysis of the DGGE profiles. Fertilizer treatment and sampled soil area significantly affected the community structures of ALP-harboring bacteria. As the DGGE bands contributing to the principal component were different from sampling time, it is suggested that the major bacteria harboring the ALP gene shifted. Furthermore, there was, in part, a significant correlation between ALP activity and the community structure of the ALP-harboring bacteria. These results raise the possibility that different ALP-harboring bacteria release different amounts and/or activity of ALP, and that the structure of ALP-harboring bacterial communities may play a major role in determining overall soil ALP activity.     

The chemical nature of components of PG (Green fraction of P type humic acid)

P type humic acids showing characteristic absorption maxima at 615, 575, and 450 nm have been found in various types of soils around the world (3, 5, 7,8). P type humic acid was fractionated into a brown fraction (Pb) and a green fraction (Pg) by column chromatography using cellulose powder (4) or Sephadex gel (3). The Pg fraction which has a strong absorption maxima at 615, 575, and 450 nm causes the characteristic absorption pattern of P type humic acid.     

碱溶性黄磨多糖的制备及其抗肿瘤作用研究

利用水提醇沉方法从黄磨子实体中提取出一种碱溶性多糖，并对其抗肿瘤活性进行初步研究。结果按黄磨子实体计，碱性黄磨多糖得率为99．78％，体外对人胃癌SWWC、SGC，人肝癌SMMC-7、HepB及人黑色素瘤A375均有较好的抑制作用，ICS0（半数抑制率）值分别为138．55μg／ml、141．76μg／ml、138．55μg／ml、252．25μg／ml及273．21μg/ml。     

秸秆覆盖深松对夏玉米田土壤酶活性的影响

探讨秸秆覆盖深松对夏玉米田土壤酶活性的影响。采用4种保护性耕作模式(SS+M、SS+NM、NT+M、NT+NM)在河南西平进行连续3年田间试验,研究不同处理对土壤脲酶、土壤碱性磷酸酶、土壤蔗糖酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,4种保护性耕作方式下土壤脲酶、土壤碱性磷酸酶、土壤蔗糖酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性均随着土层的加深而降低。4种酶的活性随着玉米生育期的变化而变化,即随着玉米生育时期的推进,土壤酶活性从播种到花后45天先升高后下降,土壤脲酶和土壤蔗糖酶活性在开花期达到最大值,而土壤碱性磷酸酶和土壤过氧化氢酶活性在花后15天达到最大值。在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层,秸秆覆盖处理下土壤酶活性显著高于不覆盖处理,SS+M>NT+M>SS+NM>NT+NM;在10~20 cm土层,NT+M处理下土壤酶活性急剧下降;在20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层,在大多数时期深松处理下土壤酶活性显著高于免耕处理,SS+M>SS+NM>NT+M>NT+NM。在豫南雨养区实施秸秆覆盖深松能够提高土壤的酶活性,值得推广。     

盐、碱胁迫条件下粳稻Na~+、K~+浓度的QTL分析

【目的】水稻栽培区土壤的盐、碱化日趋严重,植物体内Na+、K+浓度及Na+/K+是植物耐盐、碱性重要指标。在盐、碱胁迫条件下检测水稻苗期地上部和根部的Na+、K+浓度及Na+/K+的QTL位点,为水稻的耐盐、碱性遗传机制及分子标记辅助育种提供理论依据。【方法】以优质高产水稻品种东农425与耐盐、碱水稻品种长白10为亲本构建重组自交系(RIL)为作图群体,利用102对SSR标记构建遗传连锁图谱,该图谱覆盖水稻基因组约1 915.05 c M,标记间平均距离为18.77 c M;在140 mmol·L-1 Na Cl盐胁迫和0.15%Na2CO3碱胁迫处理条件下,对水稻苗期地上部和根部的Na+、K+浓度及Na+/K+等性状进行测定,利用SPSS v19.0对各性状进行相关分析,并采用QTL Ici Mapping v3.3的完备区间作图法(ICIM)进行QTL定位。【结果】盐、碱胁迫条件下,亲本及RIL群体地上部Na+、K+浓度均高于地下部Na+、K+浓度,各性状在RIL群体中基本符合正态分布,表现出典型的数量性状遗传特征,符合QTL定位要求。相关分析结果表明,盐、碱胁迫条件下,地上部Na+与K+及根部Na+与K+均呈极显著正相关,2种胁迫条件下的各性状相关性不显著。盐、碱胁迫条件下共检测到15个与Na+、K+浓度和Na+/K+相关的QTL,2种条件下所检测到的QTL位于不同染色体区域。在盐胁迫下共检测到5个QTL,包括1个与地上部K+浓度相关QTL,位于第8染色体的RM1308—RM281区间内,贡献率为6.83%;3个与根部Na+浓度相关QTL,位于第3和第8染色体上,其中q SRNC3-1贡献率最大,为16.41%;1个与根部K+浓度相关QTL,贡献率为3.52%;未检测到与地上部Na+浓度、Na+/K+及根部Na+/K+相关的QTL。在碱胁迫下共检测到10个QTL,包括1个与地上部Na+浓度相关的QTL,位于第2染色体的RM1347—RM48区间内,贡献率为14.41%;1个与地上部K+浓度相关QTL,位于第2染色体的RM1255—RM213区间内;3个与地上部Na+/K+相关QTL,分别位于第2、7、10染色体上,其中q ASNK2贡献率最大,为7.57%;1个与根部Na+浓度相关QTL,位于第3染色体的RM293—RM232区间内,贡献率为13.71%;2个与根部K+含量相关QTL,分别位于第1染色体的RM5—RM9和第2染色体的RM12865—RM12941区间内;2个与根部Na+/K+相关QTL,分别位于在第3和第4染色体上,其中q ARNK3贡献率较大,为10.48%。通过比较图谱发现,本研究中的大部分QTL与以往不同群体中影响耐盐、碱相关性状的QTL定位在同一或相邻的染色体区域,另外在碱胁迫下所检测到的q ASKC2和q ARKC2在前人研究中未见报道,可能存在新的耐碱性位点。【结论】在盐、碱胁迫条件下,Na+、K+的吸收和运输均是平行而独立的过程,且根部对Na+和K+的吸收与向地上部运输存在不同的遗传机制;盐、碱胁迫条件下,水稻Na+、K+浓度的遗传是相互独立的。     

巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应

为了探究巯基化坡缕石作为钝化剂在镉污染碱性土壤上的适用性及应用潜力,选取典型镉污染碱性土壤,以青菜和生菜为模式作物开展盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应。结果表明：巯基化坡缕石在应用剂量为0.1%~0.3%（m/m）时可以使生育期内青菜地上部镉含量降低81.44%~93.44%,根系镉含量降低68.47%~85.63%,生菜地上部镉含量降低65.11%~92.18%,根系镉含量降低57.77%~91.92%。收获时可食部位镉含量满足国家食品卫生标准限量值要求,在极低的应用剂量下显著的钝化效应是其优势。巯基化坡缕石可使土壤DTPA浸提有效态镉含量降低68.57%~84.10%,钝化过程速度快,5 d左右达到平衡,可以用二级动力学拟合。连续浸提形态分析显示,巯基化坡缕石能够快速减少土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量,并显著提高易还原金属氧化物结合态镉含量,使镉由活泼态向不活泼态转化,从而减少作物吸收累积。巯基化坡缕石同时抑制了青菜和生菜对镉的转运系数和生物累积系数,进一步降低了可食部位镉含量。研究表明巯基化坡缕石是一种在镉污染碱性土壤上具有快速钝化作用和良好应用潜力的高效钝化剂。     

小麦秸秆生物质炭对碱性土壤中油菜生长和镉吸收的影响

为探讨小麦秸秆生物质炭对镉（Cd）污染碱性土壤的修复效果,采用序批式吸附试验和Cd污染土壤盆栽试验,研究了小麦秸秆生物质炭施用（1%,m/m）对碱性土壤吸附Cd的影响,以及对Cd污染土壤中油菜生长和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明：Cd在生物质炭上的吸附等温线非线性较强,生物质炭对Cd的表面吸附起主导作用,Cd在生物质炭上的分配系数（K_d）是在土壤上的1.5~3.0倍。生物质炭施用可促进土壤对低浓度Cd的吸附,0.1 mg·L^-1平衡浓度下K_d值提高了19.5%;生物质炭施用可抑制土壤对高浓度Cd的吸附,在10 mg·L^-1条件下K_d值降低了37.2%。生物质炭施用对土壤pH值影响不显著,但缓解了Cd污染对油菜生长的抑制作用,油菜生物量最高提高了45.0%,也抑制了油菜对Cd的富集,油菜富集Cd的量最高降低了40.6%;CaCl₂、Mg（NO₃）₂、NH₄OAC、HCl、DTPA和BCR1作为提取剂提取出土壤中Cd的量与油菜地上部分吸收Cd的量相关性较强（线性回归方程决定系数R²> 0.8）,而Mg（NO₃）₂萃取出土壤中Cd的量更能预测油菜地上部分吸收Cd的量。研究表明,小麦秸秆生物质炭有利于降低碱性土壤中Cd的生物有效性,但并非通过提高土壤pH值和吸附能力来实现。     

松嫩平原西部典型盐生景观土壤分形维数及盐碱化特征

为探究松嫩平原西部典型盐生景观土壤颗粒粒度组成及分形特征与土壤盐碱化之间的关系,采用体积分形维数模型计算了6种典型盐生景观土壤表层0—30 cm颗粒组成及分形维数,结合相关分析法分析了土壤分形维数与质地、盐碱特征之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)6种典型盐生景观中农田土壤分形维数值最小(2.35),碱蓬群落土壤最大(2.61),分形维数均值为2.48,分形维数随盐生景观土壤碱化程度增加而增大。(2)土壤质地越粗,砂粒含量越高,分形维数值越小;土壤质地越细,黏粒和粉粒含量越高,分形维数越大。(3)分形维数与盐分含量呈显著正相关(r=0.87,P0.05),尤其与盐分组成中HCO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.89,P0.01),与养分中总磷含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.90,P0.01)。(4)土壤颗粒组成中砂粒、粉粒和黏粒与盐分、HCO_3~-及总磷含量也存在极显著相关性。不同盐生景观土壤分形维数与土壤颗粒组成和土壤盐分之间存在显著的相关性,因此可以用分形维数来反映土壤质地和指示土壤盐碱化特征。     

长期施用有机肥对草甸碱土碳库管理指数的影响

基于1995年在黑龙江省大庆市肇州县进行的长期定位试验,研究了长期施用有机肥对草甸碱土活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响。采用3种浓度的KMnO₄(33,167,333mmol/L)氧化法测定了土壤高活性有机质、中活性有机质和活性有机质3部分含量。结果表明,长期施用有机肥能增加草甸碱土活性有机质各组分含量和碳库管理指数。活性有机质各组分含量和碳库管理指数在施用有机肥1~5a的处理间均呈上升的变化趋势,并与玉米产量趋势相一致,在施用有机肥第5a时,均达到最高值,施用有机肥5~16a的处理间,均呈现逐渐下降趋势,最终趋于稳定。中活性有机质和活性有机质与总有机质均达到极显著性正相关,而高活性有机质与总有机质无显著性相关,活性有机质各组分与碳库管理指数也均达到极显著性正相关。研究表明,总有机质不能很好地评价草甸碱土的土壤肥力,而中活性有机质、活性有机质和碳库管理指数能更为客观地反映草甸碱土的土壤肥力,可作为草甸碱土改良的良好评价指标。