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71.
采用田间试验方法,研究了霜脲氰在马铃薯及土壤中的残留动态,应用液相色谱法测定了霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量。结果表明,霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为2.26d和5.75d,施药3240g ai·hm^-23次时,末次施药距收获间隔28d,霜脲氰的残留量在马铃薯中低于0.0098mg·kg^-1,在土壤中为ND-0.0100mg·kg^-1。该药属易分解农药(%〈30d),按推荐使用剂量使用是安全的。 相似文献
72.
Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it. 相似文献
73.
Dong Wang Zhenzhu Xu Junye Zhao Yuefu Wang 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(8):681-692
Abstract Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO3-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and 15N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing 15N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing 15N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal 15N and top 15N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top 15N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal 15N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top 15N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top 15N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha?1. 相似文献
74.
对徐州市1999年和2012年间鸟的种类和数量变化进行了分析.两次调查结果表明,总的种数变化不大,但种的组成变化较大,两次调查中均出现的种仅占总种数的50%左右. 相似文献
75.
76.
赣南脐橙园蜘蛛已知13科38种。脐橙树冠层蜘蛛优势种有3种,其中草间钻头蛛(Hylyphantes graminicola)全年以5 - 6月及9 - 10月份的发生数量最大;斑管巢蛛(Clubiona deletrix)在7 - 10月份发生量较大,2 - 3月份的数量明显减少;鳞纹肖蛸(Tetragnatha squamata)在4月和12月份的种群数量较多,而6 - 9月份较少见到。地面层蜘蛛优势种有2种,其中草间钻头蛛的季节消长同样具有两个高峰期,但跨度较少,仅在6月份和10月份出现;拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)种群数量在3月份达到最高峰,在12月份处于低谷。不同季节脐橙树冠层草间钻头蛛和斑管巢蛛的发生数量都与平均气温和日照时数呈显著或极显著正相关,而鳞纹肖蛸的季节发生数量与平均气温间为显著负相关;地面层拟水狼蛛的数量季节变动与相对湿度和降雨量间表现出极显著的正相关性。 相似文献
77.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(10):1643-1658
Exudation of organic acids by the roots of three rice cultivars grown in three soils of different phosphorus (P) statuses, and their impacts on the rhizospheric P dynamics and P uptake by the rice plants, were investigated. Quantum root exudates from all the rice cultivars were significantly greater at 21 days after transplantation than at panicle initiation or flowering stages. Malic acid was the most predominant organic acid present in the rice root exudates (10.3 to 89.5 μmol plant?1 d?1), followed by tartaric, citric, and acetic acids. Greater exudation of organic acids from rice grown in P-deficient soil by all the rice cultivars suggested response of rice plant to P stress. Results indicate that the release of organic acids in the root exudates of rice plants can extract P from strongly adsorbed soil P fraction, thereby increasing native soil P utilization efficiency and ensuring adequate P nutrition for the growing rice plants. 相似文献
78.
Hede Gong Yiping Zhang Yuhong Liu Guoping Yang Zhiyun Lu 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(4):384-388
Abstract In this paper, the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture content was investigated in an evergreen broad-leaved forest and a tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains, which was dominated by Fagaceae (Castanopsis wattii and Lithocarpus xylocarpus). Soil moisture content was studied between January 2005 and December 2006 at different depths (from 0–150 cm) with a neutron probe. The results showed that mean soil moisture content in the evergreen broad-leaved forest was usually higher than in the tea tree plantation in the dry season, whereas it was lower than the tea tree plantation in the rainy season. In addition, mean soil moisture content was depth dependent, and in the 10–50 cm layer the spatial variability was due to the active root zone within this depth area in two types of land use. From 50–150 cm, the spatial variability was slightly increasing in the evergreen broad-leaved forest or relatively stable in the tea tree plantation. Our study also showed that soil moisture content was higher and more stable under the evergreen broad-leaved forest than the tea tree plantation, hence we stress that evergreen broad-leaved forest plays an important role in holding soil moisture. It is suggested that the protection of evergreen broad-leaved forest should be strengthened. 相似文献
79.
80.
塔里木河干流上游土地利用动态变化研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
在干旱区 ,水资源十分匮乏。若能有效的控制塔里木河上游耕地面积的扩张 ,同时提高水资源利用率 ,则能解决塔里木河流域长期以来农业用水和生态用水之间的矛盾 ,这对塔里木河流域持续发展有重要意义。应用遥感技术进行上游土地利用动态变化则为上游耕地现状和趋势发展提供一种快速和准确的方法。本文利用 1 95 9年、1 983年、1 992年和 1 996年四个时期的航片及卫片资料 ,研究了塔里木河干流上游典型图幅土地利用的动态变化。结果表明 ,研究区域人工绿洲和居民点面积逐年扩大 ,湖泊面积明显缩小 ,而天然植被面积趋于缩小 ,难利用面积变化不大。为此 ,有关部门应严格控制目前这种耕地继续扩张趋势 ,同时加强植被生态环境建设 相似文献