石灰岩山地根瘤菌对台湾相思苗木生长效应

从石灰岩山地不同立地条件的台湾相思林分中采集根瘤并分离获得12株根瘤菌,将其接种到台湾相思盆栽苗木中,5个月后测量苗木的株高、地径、生物量及根瘤结瘤情况。试验结果表明:①在石灰岩山地的台湾相思林分中,根瘤数量较多的是中、下坡,最少的是下坡;单个根瘤平均质量最重的是中坡,上坡和下坡次之,表明石灰岩山地的中坡最适合根瘤菌生长。②供试的12株菌株回接到台湾相思苗木后能全部侵染苗木根部并结成有效根瘤;与对照比较,菌株回接都不同程度地促进台湾相思苗木的株高、地径、生物量的增长,增长幅度分别为1.7%~39.0%、1.7%~18.1%和21.4%~135.7%;根瘤生物量也比对照增长3.04~12.94倍。综合分析结果表明,台4、台10菌株为优良菌株。     

银合欢根瘤细胞的超微结构

银合欢是热带豆科固氮树种,已引起世界各国的普遍重视。我国大陆沿海亚热带地区已有60—70年的引种史。在过去引种栽培的基础上,80年代由国际固氮树种协会(NFTA)和麦威夷大学提供我们一批新银合欢种籽。厦门引种栽培的银合欢,与在其它热带地区有同样表现,速生快长、结果荚早、种籽成熟弹出,就地萌发丛生,压倒附近的其它植物。它的根系生长十分发达。幼苗期就结瘤很多,根瘤直径2.5—15mm,呈现不同形状的复式分叉瘤。测出固氮活性8.069—12.207βmC_2H_4·g~(-1)鲜瘤·时~(-1)。另外植株各部分蛋白质含量丰富,其中还含有一种特殊的氨基酸,与其固氮细胞累积转运有着密切关系。本文仅介绍银合欢根瘤细胞结构变化特征,和与其它豆科根瘤的比较进行了讨论。     

The fungicides thiram and captan affect the phenotypic characteristics of Rhizobium leguminosarum strain C1 as determined by FAME and Biolog analyses

 We assessed the effects of the fungicides captan and thiram on the survival and phenotypic characteristics of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae, strain C1. Fungicide was applied to pea seed at rates of 0.25–2 g a.i. kg^–1 seed, and treated seed was inoculated with strain C1. After 24 h, rhizobia were extracted from treated seed and viable numbers determined by plating onto yeast extract mannitol agar. Phenotypic characteristics were assessed using FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) profiles and Biolog substrate utilization patterns. Captan and thiram significantly reduced the numbers of rhizobia recovered from seed and altered the FAME and Biolog profiles of recovered rhizobia. However, only the highest concentrations of captan affected nodulation and plant growth. Contact with some seed-applied fungicides can significantly alter phenotypic characteristics of rhizobia, but these changes might be offset by the presence of host plants. Received: 20 February 1999     

利用标记基因lacZ研究根瘤菌对烟草发根的侵染

用发根农杆菌菌株LBA1314采用叶盘法对烟草进行转化 ,诱导烟草发根。将标记基因nifHDK_lacZ、nifH_lacZ、hemA_lacZ通过三亲交配法导入根瘤菌 ,然后接种烟草发根。β_半乳糖苷酶组织化学染色和徒手切片观察表明 ,野生型根瘤菌可以感染烟草发根 ,回接试验证明侵染烟草发根的细菌是根瘤菌     

四川省葛藤属根瘤菌的遗传多样性研究

 用AFLP、REP-PCR、23S rDNA PCR-RFLP等方法对分离自四川的23株葛藤属的根瘤菌的遗传特性进行了研究。结果表明，供试的葛藤根瘤菌遗传特性存在明显差异。 AFLP分析结果显示，23个菌株分为7个AFLP遗传群；在BOXAIR-PCR分析中，23株根瘤菌则被分为5个遗传群；对23S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析表明，葛藤根瘤菌分属于中慢生根瘤菌属（Mesorhizobium）、慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）2个属，聚类分析结果将其划分为5个遗传群。分离自四川省的葛藤根瘤菌存在较大的遗传多样性。     

丛枝菌根真菌与根瘤菌对3种豆禾混播植物种间互作的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)和根瘤菌是两类重要的土壤微生物,可与宿主植物形成互利共生关系。本研究通过对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)和白三叶(Trifolium repens)构建的混播组合接种AMF和根瘤菌,探讨两种微生物对3种植物竞争关系的调控机制。结果表明,混播处理中鸭茅和多年生黑麦草的株高及生物量显著高于各自的单播处理,白三叶的株高及生物量显著低于其单播处理;接种AMF提高了混播中白三叶的株高、生物量、根系结瘤数,但AMF抑制了群落中优势种鸭茅的生长,缓解了鸭茅对白三叶的竞争排除作用。综上所述,双接种AMF和根瘤菌进一步提高了混播中白三叶的地下生物量及结瘤数,促进白三叶生长固氮并调节了3种植物的种间竞争关系,从而有利于豆禾混播群落功能性和稳定性的维持。     

Conditions for successful Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in saline environments

Summary The Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in arid ecosystems is particularly important for locations where the area of saline soils is increasing and becoming a threat to plant productivity. Legumes, which are usually present in arid ecosystems, may be adapted to fix more N₂ under saline conditions than legumes grown in other habitats.Legumes are known to be either sensitive or moderately resistant to salinity. The salt sensitivity can be attributed to toxic ion accumulations in different plant tissues, which disturb some enzyme activities.Among the basic selection criteria for salt-tolerant legumes and rhizobia are genetic variability within species with respect to salt tolerance, correlation between accumulations of organic solutes (e. g., glycine betaine, proline betaine, and proline) and salt tolerance, and good relationships between ion distribution and compartmentation, and structural adaptations in the legumes.Salt stress reduces the nodulation of legumes by inhibiting the very early symbiotic events. Levels of salinity that inhibit the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia are different from those that inhibit the growth of the individual symbionts. The poor symbiotic performance of some legumes under saline conditions is not due to salt limitations on the growth of rhizobia.Prerequisites for a successful Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in saline environments include rhizobial colonization and invasion of the rhizosphere, root-hair infection, and the formation of effective salt-tolerant nodules.The possibility of exploring the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis to improve the productivity of saline soils is reviewed in this paper.     

Influence of a plant growth-promoting pseudomonad and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil growth and nodulation

Summary In a growth chamber study we examined the influence of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas putida R-20, and an acid-tolerant vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus, Glomus intraradices 25, on Medicago sativa L. and Lotus corniculatus L. growth and nodule development. Seedlings were planted in an acidic (pH 5.5), P-deficient soil containing re-established native microflora (minus VAM) and appropriate rhizobia, and inoculated with the rhizobacterium, the VAM fungus, or both. The plants were assayed at three intervals for up to 10–11 weeks. The growth-promoting rhizobacteria alone increased alfalfa shoot mass by 23% compared to all other treatments, but only at 8 weeks of growth, apparently by promoting nodulation and N₂ fixation (acetylene reduction activity). The presence of VAM, either alone or in combination with the rhizobacteria, generally decreased root length but only at 8 weeks also. As a group, the inoculation treatments increased all nodular measurements by 10 weeks of growth. Few treatment effects were found at 7 and 9 weeks for birdsfoot trefoil; neither plant nor nodular measurements differed among treatments. By 11 weeks, shoot mass was increased by the rhizobacteria alone by 36% compared to the control. As a group, the inoculation treatments all showed increased nodular responses by this time. The rhizobacteria stimulated mycorrhizal development on both plant species, but only at the initial samplings. No synergistic effects between the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium and VAM inoculation were found. Although these results lend credence to the concept of managing microorganisms in the rhizosphere to improve plant growth, they emphasize the necessity for a more thorough understanding of microbial interactions as plants mature.     

Nodulation status of native woody legumes and phenotypic characteristics of associated rhizobia in soils of southern Ethiopia

The nodulation of provenances of Acacia seyal, Acacia tortilis and Faidherbia albida, and other indigenous multipurpose tree species were tested in 14 different soil samples collected from diverse agro-ecological zones in southern Ethiopia. Associated rhizobia were isolated from these and from excavated nodules of field standing mature trees, and phenotypically characterized. Indigenous rhizobia capable of eliciting nodules on at least one or more of the woody legume species tested were present in most of the soils. Tree species were markedly different in nodulation in the different site soils. Sesbania sesban and Acacia abyssinica showed higher nodulation ability across the different sites indicating widespread occurrence of compatible rhizobia in the soils. The nodulation patterns of the different provenances of Acacia spp. suggested the existence of intraspecific provenance variations in rhizobial affinity which can be exploited to improve N fixation through tree selection. Altogether, 241 isolates were recovered from the root nodules of trap host species and from excavated nodules. Isolates were differentiated by growth rate and colony morphology and there were very fast-, fast-, slow-, and very slow-growing rhizobia. The bulk of them (68.5%) were fast-growing acid-producing rhizobia while 25.3% were slow-growing alkali-producing types. Fast-growing alkali-producing (2.9%) and slow-growing acid-producing strains (3.3%) were isolated from trap host species and excavated nodules, respectively. All isolates fell into four colony types: watery translucent, white translucent, dull glistering and milky (curdled) type. The diversity of indigenous rhizobia in growth rate and colony morphology suggested that the collection probably includes several rhizobial genera.     

Lime pelleting inoculated serradella (Ornithopus spp.) increases nodulation and yield

Lime pelleting of the inoculated seed is recommended for most pasture legume species to improve survival of the rhizobia on the seed and to counter deleterious effects of soil or fertiliser acidity on rhizobial numbers. Except for New South Wales, lime pelleting is specifically not recommended for serradella (Ornithopus spp.). Our objectives were to evaluate effects of lime pelleting on bradyrhizobial numbers on seed, and nodulation and growth of the serradella plants. Three experiments are reported at two acid-soil sites in northern New South Wales involving four cultivars of yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) strains WSM471 (current inoculant strain) and WU425 and WSM480. Lime pelleting increased bradyrhizobial numbers on seed, 24 h after inoculation, by an average of 90%. Similarly, lime pelleting increased nodulation and shoot dry matter of the inoculated plants by an average of 57 and 28%, respectively. The three strains were similar in effects on plant growth. Relative values for shoot dry weight, averaged over sites, were 100 for WSM471 and 98 for both WU425 and WSM480. Our results confirmed previous research that lime pelleting inoculated serradella seed was not deleterious to survival of the bradyrhizobial inoculum, and showed that it could result in enhanced symbiotic activity of the inoculum in some instances. We recommend lime pelleting of serradella and that WSM471 remain the inoculant strain.