不同地理种源马尾松造林试验

马尾松不同种源、不同密度、不同整地规格造林试验表明,马尾松不同种源生长差异显著,容县松、上思松、尤溪松三者之间幼林生长表现最好的是容县松,其次是上思松,造林3年后容县松树高、胸径分别达到3．07m、3．51cm,比尤溪松树高、胸径生长分别增加了15．0％、25．8％,单株总生物量、地上部生物量、地下部生物量分别增加了32．5％、31．1％、40．4％;造林2年的宁明松和尤溪松相比,宁明松生长明显优于尤溪松,树高生长增加了16．4％,胸径生长增加了10．1％,单株总生物量、地上部生物量、地下部生物量分别增加了43．4％、40．2％、60．7％;马尾松虽然耐瘠薄,但立地条件的好坏对林分生长影响比较明显,高标准、高质量的马尾松林分需要立地条件的保证;造林密度和整地规格对马尾松幼林生长无显著影响,考虑到生产实际,马尾松造林株行距可采用2．0m×2．0m,马尾松容器苗造林整地规格可以适当降低,穴的规格可以采用25cn×20cn×20cn中穴造林或15cn×15cn×10cm的小穴造林。     

班克松闭合型干型和湿型球果人工取种试验

通过对班克松闭合型干果和鲜果人工取种试验研究,结果表明：当年鲜球果和干球果在280℃高温条件下烘烤,种鳞开裂的时间分别为12s和10s;鲜球果高温开裂后,鳞片在12d之内张度达到5.1mm,种子从鳞片中脱出;干球果在高温开裂后,用喷水方法增加球果含水量,种鳞开张度达到10．2mm,种子脱出。     

红松苗木高生长与气象因子相关关系的研究

采用固定样方和定期观测的方法研究红松苗木高生长和气象因子之间的关系,并进行相关分析。结果表明:红松2 a生和3 a生苗木的高生长与气温、土壤温度和空气相对湿度之间有良好的相关关系,相关方程通式为:Y=a bX cX2,最小的相关系数R为0.86005。2 a生红松苗生长的适宜气温为17.5℃~22.5℃,地温为27.5℃~32.5℃,相对湿度为75.0%~80.0%;3a生红松苗生长的适宜气温为20.0℃~25.0℃,地温为27.5℃~32.5℃,相对湿度为77.5%~82.5%。     

Aboveground biomass and nitrogen in four short-rotation woody crop species growing with different water and nutrient availabilities

We quantified the effect of water and nutrient availability on aboveground biomass and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in four species from the southeastern United States, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). The 6-year-old stands received five levels of resource input (control, irrigation with 3.05 cm water week⁻¹, irrigation + 57 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, irrigation + 85 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, and irrigation + 114 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Irrigation significantly increased foliage, stem, and branch biomass for sweetgum and sycamore, culminating in 103% and 238% increases in total aboveground biomass. Fertilization significantly increased aboveground components for all species resulting in 49, 58, 281, and 132% increases in total aboveground biomass for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Standing total aboveground biomass of the fertilized treatments reached 79, 59, 48, and 54 Mg ha⁻¹ for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentration for loblolly pine, sweetgum, and sycamore foliage. Irrigation increased total stand nitrogen content by 6, 14, 93, and 161% for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Fertilization increased total nitrogen content by 62, 53, 172, and 69% with maximum nitrogen contents of 267, 212, 237, and 203 kg ha⁻¹ for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Growth efficiency (stem growth per unit of leaf biomass) and nitrogen use efficiency (stem growth per unit of foliar nitrogen content) increased for the sycamore and sweetgum, but not the loblolly or slash pine.     

The lateral spread of tree root systems in boreal forests: Estimates based on N uptake and distribution of sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi

In nutrient poor environments, such as boreal forests, many of the most important interactions between plants take place belowground. Here, we report the results of two approaches to obtain estimates of the lateral spread of tree roots.     

Object-based semi-automatic approach for forest structure characterization using lidar data in heterogeneous Pinus sylvestris stands

In this paper, we present a two-stage approach for characterizing the structure of Pinus sylvestris L. stands in forests of central Spain. The first stage was to delimit forest stands using eCognition and a digital canopy height model (DCHM) derived from lidar data. The polygons were then clustered (k-means algorithm) into forest structure types based on the DCHM data within forest stands. Hypsographs of each polygon and field data validated the separability of structure types. In the study area, 112 polygons of Pinus sylvestris were segmented and classified into five forest structure types, ranging from high dense forest canopy (850 trees ha⁻¹ and Loreýs height of 17.4 m) to scarce tree coverage (60 tree ha⁻¹ and Loreýs height of 9.7 m). Our results indicate that the best variables for the definition and characterization of forest structure in these forests are the median and standard deviation (S.D.), both derived from lidar data. In these forest types, lidar median height and standard deviation (S.D.) varied from 15.8 m (S.D. of 5.6 m) to 2.6 m (S.D. of 4.5 m). The present approach could have an operational application in the inventory procedure and forest management plans.     

Climate signal age effects—Evidence from young and old trees in the Swiss Engadin

A potential limitation of tree-ring based climate reconstructions is related to climate signal age effects (CSAE). CSAE may arise if the climatic response of young tree-rings differs from that of old tree-rings. This could mean that climatic signals become stronger (or weaker) with tree aging, or that the seasonality of signals or the sensitivity to a specific element (e.g., temperature, precipitation) changes over time. Such changes would affect the interpretation of dendroclimatic reconstructions, as the tree-rings included in these records are generally oldest at the end of a record (e.g., 21st century)—which is the time period generally used for calibration with instrumental data.We here addressed this concern by analyzing young and old Pinus cembra trees from three high elevation sites in the central European Alps. Core and disc samples were collected in pre-defined plots to allow for a representative analysis of tree ages with tree-ring width (TRW) measurement series categorized into age classes (i) >1880, (ii) 1880–1939, and (iii) 1940–2002. Notably we report on the signal of the very young category (iii) not yet described in literature, and thus allow estimation of climate response and signal strength characteristics during the first years of the trees’ lifespans.Comparison of age classes (i)–(iii) revealed differences in TRW coherence and size, but little change in climatic signal. CSAE are in the order of the differences recorded among high elevation sites—a conclusion that holds for inter-annual to decadal scale TRW variations at near-treeline Swiss stone pine. Such data are typically included in regional and larger-scale temperature reconstructions; thus, our results add confidence to long-term climate estimates integrating a range of tree-ring age classes. Other findings, such as the reaction wood in juvenile tree-rings, and sensitivity of the climate signal to sample replication, suggest that comparisons of young and old age classes, and separate calibration of these categories against instrumental climate data might further the estimation of long-term uncertainty changes in tree-ring based climate reconstructions.     

Modeling mid-rotation fertilizer responses using the age-shift approach

Growth and yield modelers have incorporated mid-rotation fertilizer responses by: modifying site index; developing new models to include fertilizer responses directly; using multipliers or additional terms to scale existing models. We investigated the use of age-shifts to model mid-rotation fertilizer responses. Age-shift prediction models were constructed from 43 installations of a nitrogen (0, 112, 224 and 336 kg ha⁻¹ elemental) by phosphorus (0, 28 and 56 kg ha⁻¹ elemental) factorial experiment established in mid-rotation loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine stands in the southeastern US. Age-shifts for dominant height and basal area increased with time after fertilization, to a maximum and then either remained fairly constant, or declined. The initial rate of increase, maximum age-shift and decline were functions of the rate and combinations of fertilizers applied, as well as stand density and age at fertilization. Volume age-shifts increased linearly throughout the 10-year measurement period for most treatments with the rate of increase being a function of the elements applied, stocking, site index and age at fertilization. A mid-rotation fertilizer application of 224 and 28 kg ha⁻¹ elemental N and P, respectively, resulted in age-shifts of 1.1, 1.9 and 2.4 years for dominant height, basal area and volume, respectively, 10 years after fertilization. The age-shifts were incorporated into growth and yield models.     

天然长白松生物量的研究

天然长白松仅见于长白山北坡海拔630～1 400 m之间,是我国特有的松科松属植物,因其特殊的分类地位,被列为国家Ⅲ级珍稀濒危树种,而受到广泛关注。本文利用多元分析方法,对第一代天然长白松的生产结构和生物量进行研究。给出长白松生物量估测的回归模型及估测参数,指出生物量在长白松天然林中的分配规律,为经营长白山这一特有的种群提供理论依据。     

红脂大小蠹及油松挥发物对捕食性天敌寄主选择行为的影响

利用树木解剖及昆虫饲养选择的方法调查红脂大小蠹的捕食性天敌,发现一种鞘翅目颚甲科的昆虫为红脂大小蠹的天敌.利用Y-型嗅觉仪进一步研究发现健康油松挥发物、虫害油松挥发物及虫粪挥发物对该天敌昆虫都有显著的引诱作用,尤其对虫害油松挥发物趋向行为更强烈.该天敌昆虫在栖境定位和寄主选择过程中所利用的挥发物主要来自上述3类挥发物.4种单萜烯化合物对此种天敌昆虫的室内引诱实验发现,(S)-( )-3-蒈烯对天敌的引诱作用较为强烈.