都匀市郊农村生活饮用水水质微生物学指标检测分析

采用细菌总数和细菌复发酵方法,检测都匀市沙坝村、剑江村农村饮用水枯水期、平水期、丰水期水样中细菌总数及总大肠菌群数。结果表明:都匀市郊农村饮用水的细菌总数和总大肠菌群数均严重超过国家饮用水标准(GB5749—2006)。都匀市郊农村生活饮用水微生物污染严重,不能直接作为饮用水。     

我国主要食品中伏马菌素污染水平分析与风险评估

【目的】评价我国主要食品中伏马菌素(Fumonisins)的污染状况和风险水平,为相关食品安全管理部门制定伏马菌素限量标准及其他管理政策提供科学依据和相应数据支持。【方法】对我国18个城市中大米及其制品、面粉及其制品、其他谷物及其制品、干豆类和坚果5类食品中的伏马菌素进行抽样检测,结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据库的食物消费数据和人口学数据,按照世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的风险评估方法原则,对我国不同性别年龄组人群对伏马菌素的摄入量进行暴露评估研究,并对其健康风险进行描述。【结果】在总计485份样本中有35份样本检出伏马菌素,伏马菌素平均含量为0.04mg/kg;我国不同性别年龄组人群对伏马菌素的总体平均摄入量为0.162~0.369μg/(kg·d),远小于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)对伏马菌素设定的暂定每日最大耐受摄入量(PMTDI)2μg/(kg·d)。【结论】我国主要食品中伏马菌素风险较低,处于可控水平。     

石灰和有机质对不同性质镉污染土壤中镉有效性的影响

通过土培试验研究了添加不同改良剂(鸡粪、泥炭和石灰)对我国不同性质土壤(云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土)镉污染的改良差异。结果表明,不同改良剂0～60 d内对四种镉污染土壤的改良效果均较为显著。鸡粪对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为37.0%、52.7%、29.3%和49.6%,显示鸡粪对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土云南赤红壤吉林黑土;泥炭对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为33.1%、51.7%、30.5%和51.2%,显示泥炭对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土吉林黑土≈云南赤红壤;石灰对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为60.7%、55.5%、40.7%、41.7%,显示石灰对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是云南赤红壤江西红壤吉林黑土≈内蒙栗钙土。综上可知,在对镉污染的酸性土壤改良上,石灰好于有机质,而对镉污染的中性和碱性土壤改良上,有机质则好于石灰。     

5-氟尿嘧啶与镉单一及复合污染对三种作物种子萌发的影响

采用急性毒性试验方法,研究了典型抗癌药5-氟尿嘧啶和重金属Cd单一及复合污染对小麦、白菜和水稻种子发芽、根伸长及芽伸长的影响。结果表明:单一5-氟尿嘧啶或Cd的浓度与3种作物根伸长和芽伸长抑制率显著相关(P0.05);相对于芽伸长抑制率,根伸长抑制率是更敏感指标;5-氟尿嘧啶对小麦、白菜和水稻种子的根伸长半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为212.80、102.53、13.30 mg·L-1,Cd对3种作物种子根伸长IC50分别为118.27、23.32、22.21 mg·L-1,3种作物对于两种污染物胁迫的敏感性依次为水稻白菜小麦。通过联合毒性试验发现,5-氟尿嘧啶和Cd不同比例浓度复合处理下根伸长的复合抑制率小于各组分单独作用的相加抑制率,对3种作物种子的复合毒性表现为拮抗作用。     

Food choice and reproductive success of Folsomia candida feeding on copper-contaminated mycelium of the soil fungus Alternaria alternata

We examined collembolan food preference for fungal mycelium grown on copper-contaminated medium, and the relationship between copper content, food selectivity and collembolan fitness when fed contaminated mycelium.To clarify whether collembolan food selectivity is related to fitness parameters, Folsomia candida were fed mycelium of the dark-pigmented fungus Alternaria alternata grown on medium with different copper concentrations. Copper-contaminated food (fungus grown on 50, 125, 250 and 500 μg Cu g⁻¹ medium, fresh wt.) was offered together with untreated food for 4 weeks. F. candida fed selectively on the provided mycelium and discriminated clearly between mycelium grown on high and low levels of contamination, distinctly preferring fungus grown on medium with a total copper concentration of 50 and 125 μg g⁻¹. In contrast, fungus grown on highly contaminated medium (250 and 500 μg g⁻¹) was avoided. Collembolan food preference generally matched fitness parameters. Reproduction was significantly affected by the total copper concentration of the fungal growth medium. When fed their preferred mycelium, collembolan reproduction was enhanced, whereas a diet of highly contaminated mycelium (250 or 500 μg g⁻¹) resulted in a strong decrease in reproduction. Adult survival was affected only marginally. Even though heavy metal contamination is a potential stress factor for many soil microarthropods, F. candida is able to discriminate between high and low quality food sources, and even benefits from moderately elevated copper concentrations.     

铅污染对山皂角生长生理的影响

[目的]研究山皂角在铅污染环境中的生长发育、生理生态的反应及适应性,为治理铅污染土壤提供一定的理论依据及技术指导。[方法]以山皂角（Gleditsia japonica Miq.）为研究对象,通过野外盆栽试验,分别添加纯铅浓度为200、400、800、1 200、1 600 mg/kg（土）,研究不同浓度铅处理对山皂角苗木生长发育、生理方面的影响。[结果]盆栽山皂角根系长度、苗高、地径、质量受到了不同程度的抑制;低浓度的铅处理能够刺激叶绿素含量的形成,高浓度则抑制叶绿素形成;山皂角叶片的脯氨酸含量随铅浓度的升高而增加;铅对硝酸还原酶活性有较强的抑制作用,山皂角过氧化物酶活性随着铅浓度的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。[结论]土壤铅浓度在800 mg/kg（土）之内,铅对山皂角的生理影响较小,山皂角可以比较正常生长。     

离子液体[C4 mim][PF6]萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法检测食品中的痕量铅

离子液体因其具有不挥发,粘度大等特性,已被广泛代替有机溶剂用于液液萃取。建立了以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)为螯合剂、离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C4mim][PF6])为萃取剂、稀硝酸为反萃取溶剂的萃取体系,并对所建立的萃取体系的相关影响因素进行了优化,包括:体系pH、螯合剂DDTC的用量、反萃取溶剂的选择等。同时对该离子液体是否可循环利用以及该体系的抗干扰能力进行了评价。此外,将所建立的离子液体萃取-稀硝酸反萃取体系结合石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法应用于大米,茶,鱼,小麦,蛤以及油菜中的痕量铅的检测。     

室内空气中甲醛污染的危害与控制方法浅析

本文者重阐述室内空气中的主要污染物甲醛对人身健康的危害．同时分析甲醛污染的各种可能性来源．并且简要介绍了现今比较常见的几种控制甲醛污染的切实可行措施和手段。     

吉林省土壤、饲料、猪体内镉、铬、汞、铅、砷含量及相关性分析

采用原子吸收法测定了吉林省东部山区(东区)、中部平原农业区(中区)、西部工业石油开采区(西区)猪体内、饲料及土壤中Cr、Pb、As、Hg、Cd 5种元素含量,探讨了三者的相关性.结果表明,(1)土壤中5种元素含量,西区>中区>东区;(2)饲料含量,Cr、Pb、As西区>中区和东区,其中Pb中区>东区;Cd、Hg相近;(3)猪体含量,Cr、Pb、As西区>中区>东区;Cd西区>东区>中区;Hg东区>西区>中区;(4)5种元素对3个区土壤、饲料、猪体组织均有不同程度污染,以西区最重.饲料吸收富集土壤中5种元素的作用显著,土壤与饲料间元素含量(除Cd外)均呈正相关(r>0.70);(5)猪体内元素含量随饲料含量增加而增加.有相当一部分肝、肾元素含量超出食品卫生标准.     

Vegetative propagation of Beta vulgaris by leaf cuttings

Summary Leaf cuttings without axillary buds were made from young vegetative beet plants. Roots were formed at the petiole end. Adventitious bud formation occurred at a very low frequency and could not be stimulated by application of growth regulators. Leaf cuttings with axillary buds formed plants at a higher frequency but development of buds into shoots was slow and irregular. As no vascular connections were found between petiole and axillary bud, the slow growth of the buds was attributed to insufficient supply of assimilates from the leaves. Axillary buds rapidly developed into shoots when petiole explants with buds were placed on culture media. Nearly all cultures, however, were contaminated with bacteria that originated from the inner tissue of the explants.