新疆不同甜瓜品种对埃及列当的抗性鉴定

【目的】 研究从新疆收集的31个甜瓜品种对埃及列当的抗性程度和水平,为甜瓜抗列当育种和品种合理布局提供参考。【方法】 采用根室法、温室盆栽和田间小区测定,对31份甜瓜品种抗埃及列当寄生的能力进行评价。【结果】 抗性类型仅有金甜蜜17号,根室试验中接种列当生长停滞在第Ⅱ种寄生状态;室内盆栽与小区试验中埃及列当寄生率分别为33.33%和50.00%,寄生程度分别为0.33和1.67。耐寄生类型有亚洲密17号等 4个品种,根室试验中接种列当生长停滞在第Ⅲ种寄生状态;盆栽试验中列当寄生率在71.43%~75.00%,寄生程度在1.29~4.25。其余26个品种均属易感类型,根室试验中接种列当正常生长至第Ⅳ种寄生状态;室内盆栽与小区试验中埃及列当寄生率最高均为100%,寄生程度最高分别为13.00和17.50。【结论】 31个甜瓜品种中,1个为抗列当品种,4个为耐列当品种以及26个均为易感列当品种。目前,新疆栽培的甜瓜品种抗列当寄生的品种或材料较少,多为易感品种或材料,这是导致新疆甜瓜产区埃及列当危害严重的主要原因之一。     

Yield stability of faba bean lines under diverse broomrape prone production environments

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the important pulse crops grown in many parts of the world. Its production and productivity are affected by different biotic and abiotic stresses. Broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) causes yield losses of 7- 80% in major faba bean growing countries mainly in the Mediterranean Basin and Nile Valley countries. Host plant resistance is found to be the most effective and economic method of broomrape control. Efforts made at the International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas over many years to develop advanced breeding lines with acceptable resistance and tolerance levels to broomrape have resulted in the identification of several useful breeding lines. These lines were shared with National Agricultural Research Systems (Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia and Portugal) as part of the Faba Bean Orobanche International Nursery, in order to test their stability across three seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007). The results showed that Orobanche plant number, dry weight, Orobanche index, flowering date, maturing date and grain yield were significantly different among lines and locations. AMMI analysis showed that some lines derived from hybrid bulk populations “HBP/DS0/2000” and “HBP/ES0/2000” showed acceptable levels of yield stability in the presence of Orobanche infections across all environments compared with susceptible check. In highly infested soils, the tolerant and resistant lines gave acceptable levels of yield compared with the susceptible check. However, the yield potential of resistant and tolerant lines in non-infested soils was lower than the highly susceptible check.     

枯草芽孢杆菌DNKAS对加工番茄分枝列当的防治应用

分枝列当（Orobanche aegyptiaca）是一种根寄生植物,严重影响加工番茄的产量。为减轻其危害,首先通过皿内芽管生长试验,明确了枯草芽孢杆菌DNKAS对分枝列当芽管生长有显著抑制作用;并通过田间小区随水滴灌方式,设置清水对照（CK）、3 kg·hm^-2 DNKAS菌剂（D3）、4.5 kg·hm^-2 DNKAS菌剂（D4.5）、6 kg·hm^-2 DNKAS菌剂（D6）、9 kg·hm^-2 DNKAS菌剂（D9）、12 kg·hm^-2 DNKAS菌剂（D12）、7.5 kg·hm^-2黄腐酸钾（FA-K）、4.5 kg·hm^-2 DNKAS菌剂+7.5 kg·hm^-2黄腐酸钾(D4.5+FA-K) 共8个处理,研究不同处理对分枝列当的防治效果和增产效果;随后采用 Biolog-ECO微平板检测法,分析菌剂施用后土壤微生物群落的生态及代谢多样性变化,明确菌剂对作物及环境的影响。结果表明,纯菌剂施用条件下,D12处理的防治效果最佳,防效为52.33%,列当寄生数量最低为493个,寄生度为1.30,番茄产量为133 455 kg·hm^-2,增产56.48%。黄腐酸钾与菌剂混合施用效果明显优异于其单独施用,防治效果提高了14%,寄生度和寄生数降低约10%,番茄产量提高14%。不同处理的微生物代谢活性表现为：D4.5+FA-K > FA-K > D12> D9,不同处理间的碳源利用率差异不明显,Shannon多样性指数差异显著,表明生防菌DNKAS可增加土壤群落丰富度,生防菌KNKAS及其与黄腐酸复配可提高防效,适用于分枝列当防治。     

水溶性氟乐灵纳米制剂对向日葵列当的毒力及田间药效

向日葵列当Orobanche cumana是一种检疫性恶性寄生杂草。本研究采用透析法制备了一种水溶性氟乐灵纳米制剂(Tf-OR-CC),评价其对向日葵列当的室内毒力和田间药效。种子发芽毒力测定结果表明:在独脚金内酯类似物GR24的诱导下,用5μg/mL Tf-OR-CC处理向日葵列当种子,7 d后表现出良好的抑制发芽活性,列当种子发芽率为28.5%,与对照相比差异显著。消解动态试验表明,Tf-OR-CC消解半衰期比48%氟乐灵乳油延长6.56 d,说明Tf-OR-CC具有一定的缓释作用。田间药效试验结果表明,滴灌施用有效成分含量为75 g/667 m~2Tf-OR-CC 45 d后,向日葵列当寄生率为32.1%,寄生强度为5.3,Tf-OR-CC制剂对向日葵列当的田间防效为36.3%。该方法可为向日葵滴灌施药技术防治向日葵列当提供科学依据。     

我国新疆焉耆垦区作物轮作种植模式防除列当的有效性研究

本研究以新疆地区危害最严重的向日葵列当和瓜列当为研究对象,通过室内水培试验和室外盆栽模拟轮作试验来探究焉耆垦区轮作模式对两种列当的防除效果。结果表明,室内水培试验中各轮作作物的根系分泌物及萃取相刺激瓜列当种子的萌发率均在20.0%以下,但刺激向日葵列当种子产生的萌发率达到了50.0%以上;室外盆栽模拟轮作试验中,甜菜、小麦、辣椒与加工番茄轮作后,瓜列当的寄生数量未显著降低;但与向日葵轮作后,向日葵列当的寄生数量显著减少了60.0%以上。不同品种甜菜、辣椒和小麦地上部甲醇提取液刺激瓜列当种子的萌发率均低于10.0%,但是刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发率均达70.0%以上。本研究表明新疆焉耆垦区轮作种植模式不能有效防除瓜列当,但模式中的轮作作物均能够有效防除向日葵列当。本研究结果为防除新疆焉耆垦区向日葵列当和瓜列当提供理论依据。     

In vitro culture of Orobanche ramosa

Orobanche spp. (broomrapes) are holoparasites that subsist on the roots of many important crops and can considerably reduce yield. The control of Orobanche spp. includes physical, chemical and biological methods. Interactions between parasitic angiosperms and their hosts first occur at the level of parasite seed germination. The seeds of all Orobanchaceae germinate in soil under natural conditions only in response to specific chemical exudates from the host plant. This study describes the influence of different plant growth regulators and host plant root exudates on germination and development of calli from Orobanche seeds in vitro . The effect of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and kinetin on the germination of Orobanche seeds varied with concentration. These plant growth regulators also affected the period of germination and the structure of calli and protrusions. An in vitro system for the collection of tobacco root exudates was established. Compounds released from the host roots of three different tobacco cultivars were found to provoke high levels of germination of the Orobanche seeds without any period of pre-conditioning. This study developed methods for the investigation of host–parasite interactions and the effect of germination stimulants in Orobanche spp.     

Long-term dry preservation of viable mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms

The production of large amounts of fungal spores for preservation and formulation are considered constraints to effective use of fungal biocontrol agents. Few successful attempts have been made to store fungal mycelia alone. Late log-phase liquid fermenter cultured isolated mycelia of two Fusarium spp. specific to the parasitic broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) from fermenters were formulated in alginate beads or in ‘Stabileze’ (starch, sucrose, corn oil, and silica) and air-dried. ‘Stabileze’ formulations exhibited <30% loss of mycelial viability for >9 months and retained pathogenicity to the weed for over a year, while mycelia harvested earlier, and conidia from liquid culture exhibited >40% loss of viability. Mycelia from liquid culture yielded >20 times more colony forming units (cfu) of F. arthrosporioides and >2 times more cfu of F. oxysporum than spores at late log phase. Efficient formulation of mycelia should significantly change the economics of biocontrol.     

Revisiting strategies for reducing the seedbank of Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.

Weedy Orobanche and Phelipanche species are important in Southern and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, and have recently been reported in the USA, Australia and some countries in South America. Rather than being controlled, the Orobanche and Phelipanche problem is increasing, both in intensity and in acreage. Large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion, if care is not immediately taken to limit the introduction of parasitic seeds and to educate farmers and others to be alert for new infestations. There is an urgent need to re-evaluate novel integrated Orobanche and Phelipanche management programmes that will allow a better control of the parasite species and limit their distribution. The main obstacle in the long-term management of Orobanche and Phelipanche infested fields is the durable seedbank, which may remain viable for decades in the field. Large quantities of long-lived seeds give the parasite genetic adaptability to changes in host resistance and cultural practices. As long as the seedbank is not controlled, the need to control the parasite will persist whenever a susceptible host is grown in the infested field. We discuss strategies for seedbank reduction, paying particular attention to cultural practices, whereas chemical and biological control methods are covered by other reviews in this issue.     

朱砂根化学成分的初步分析

通过系统提取法对朱砂根的根、茎、叶三部分分别提取,用化学反应法进行成分鉴定,结果表明朱砂根中含有叶绿素、挥发油、三萜类、酚类、醌类、强心甙、有机酸、黄酮类、三萜皂苷、鞣质、氨基酸、糖类等多种物质。对朱砂根总皂苷进行定向提取,用紫外扫描测定分析,结果表明总皂苷在436nm和530nm波长具有吸收峰。     

光照对日本栗树结实的影响

光照对日本栗树结实具有重要影响。通过分析树冠的日射量和雌花的受光量对日本栗树结实的影响,找出影响原因及所带来的后果,提出在实际生产中要重视整形修剪工作,应通过整形修剪保持合理的树冠间隔,并采用合理的树形和保留合理的结果母枝量,以改善日本栗树的采光,进而达到优质高产的目的。