草原食蝗鸟及其招引

天山北坡草原食蝗鸟类有16种以上。对其中4种中、大型食蝗鸟进行了观察。1981年在玛纳斯南山堆积大石块招引;1986年建造永久性房墙鸟窝招引,两次招引粉红椋鸟,效果都很好。     

TM图象在草在蝗虫分布中的应用

利用已成功解译的卫星遥感Landsat TM图象 ,对其各景观生态类型上的草地蝗虫分布进行了定量评估 ,结果为 :蝗虫在干草原上危害较重 ,高寒草甸上危害较轻 ,其它草地类型上不造成危害 ,基于评价结果 ,于 1 997～ 1 999年进行了实地调查 ,评估结果和调查结果的吻合率为 80 .77%。     

蝗虫天敌昆虫研究概述

概述了蝗虫天敌昆虫的国内外研究种类与内容。蝗虫天敌昆虫的主要类群包括寄生蝗卵的蜂类,寄生蝗蝻或成虫的蝇类;捕食蝗卵的芫菁类、蜂虻类,捕食蝗蝻或成虫的步甲、虎甲、螳螂、蠼螋等。国内报道详细的种类为飞蝗黑卵蜂(Scelio uvarovi Oglobin)和中华雏蜂虻(Anastoechus chinensis Paramonow)。国外报道详细的类别主要是蝗卵蜂属(Scelio spp.)及折麻蝇属(Blaesoxipha)种类和芫菁类(Meloidae)。主要内容涉及寄生率、寄主专化性、饲养中的生物学特性等。国内已报道的各类蝗虫的天敌昆虫种类超过70种。国外已有较详细报道的蝗虫天敌昆虫种类近10种。     

Preventive control and Desert Locust plagues

The original locust control strategy assumed that plagues arose when swarms escaped from outbreak areas and bred successfully in the surrounding invasion area. Thus, control within outbreak areas could prevent plagues. Plague prevention was achieved for species with small, relatively accessible outbreak areas providing resources allocated to preventive control allowed continuous monitoring and rapid treatment as outbreaks appeared. Plague prevention was less successful for species such as the Australian Plague Locust and the Desert Locust in which pre-plague bands and swarms develop and migrate within very large geographical areas. The success of preventive control can be demonstrated, however, by comparing population size and distribution before and after the strategy was implemented using effective control techniques. Some but not all recent plagues of the Australian Plague Locust have been prevented and, although the frequency of Desert Locust plagues has not declined in the last 40 years, their duration and extent has been sufficiently reduced to achieve the original objective of keeping major agricultural zones in the invasion area locust free. In Australia, substantial resources and the latest technology were available to implement early intervention and its success has been clearly demonstrated. We used a simple model to quantify the case for early intervention in Desert Locust campaigns and our simulations suggest that applying even a conservative rate of control from the beginning of an upsurge as part of early intervention would further reduce the size of upsurges and plagues and would contribute to a better managed Desert Locust population.     

河北保定郊区秋末土蝗优势种的初步调查

[目的]调查保定市郊土蝗的优势种并提出防治方法。[方法]2005~2006年9月在保定市郊通过网捕的方法,记载田间蝗虫的种类和数量,对不能确定的种类,借助体视显微镜进行观察、描述和鉴定,并归纳其发生规律,提出防治方法。[结果]除东亚飞蝗和稻蝗外,土蝗主要有7个优势种,即短星翅蝗、长翅素木蝗、短额负蝗、中华剑角蝗、大垫尖翅蝗、花胫绿纹蝗和黄胫小车蝗。土蝗的食物范围广,以卵块在土中越冬。可采用耕翻土地,修埂培土,灭草开荒等农事操作压低虫口密度,结合药剂喷雾或毒饵诱杀防治。[结论]该研究为保定市郊土蝗的有效防治奠定了基础。     

2.7%氟虫脲·甲维盐对飞蝗的室内毒力测定及田间防效

为寻求防治飞蝗的高效、低毒农药,在室内毒力测定技术的基础上,通过室内配方筛选试验,将氟虫脲与甲维盐进行复配,对飞蝗3龄蝗蝻进行室内生物测定.结果表明,氟虫脲与甲维盐以有效成分8∶1复配对飞蝗杀虫活性最高,共毒系数达528.6, 增效作用显著.以有效成分复配成2.7%混剂进行田间笼罩药效试验,2.7%氟虫脲·甲维盐速效性与持效性均优于单剂,与单剂进行差异显著性比较,具0.05的显著性差异和0.01的显著性差异水平.防后第8天飞蝗的死亡率达96.9%,可作为替代高毒农药的优良药种.     

Barrier treatment with fipronil to control desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal, 1775) hopper bands infesting a large area in Mauritania

Fipronil, a compound belonging to a new chemical family, the phenylpyrazols, was tested as a barrier treatment in Mauritania against bands of hoppers of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forskal1775). An ultra-low volume formulation (ADONIS 12.5UL) was applied at 15.7 and 16.6/km. The doses were 1.96 and 1.04 g ai/ protected ha. Two sites of approximately 2800 and 7200 ha were sprayed from a helicopter flying at 20m. There were 12 track spacings, ranging from 330m to 2600m. The effects of fipronil on hopper bands were determined by comparison with the initial locust populations at the two sites. Several hopper bands were monitored in two untreated areas. The hopper bands were controlled within two days in the area up to 500m from the flight path, within 7 days in the area between 1000 and 2000m, and within 12 days in the area between 2000 and 2600m. The speed of mortality was related to the upwind distance from the flight path. When ADONIS 12.5UL (12.5g ai/l of fipronil) is applied at 16 l/km, at 20m height, with track spacings up to 1000m, the efficacy was similar to that obtained with a blanket treatment (11 g ai/ha) performed the previous year in Mauritania.     

槐豆中天然芦丁的提取工艺研究

[目的]研究槐豆中天然芦丁的提取工艺。[方法]以豫西山区的槐豆为原料,研究热水提冷析出法提取芦丁的最佳工艺条件,并对产品进行质量鉴定。[结果]槐豆中天然芦丁的最佳提取工艺条件为:在粉碎槐豆中加入8倍量的水,浸提30 min,抽滤,再加入5倍量的水,浸提20 min,抽滤,滤液静置10 h,析出沉淀,过滤,干燥得到粗芦丁,将粗芦丁用甲醇进一步浸提得到纯度高达48.0%的精制芦丁。该工艺提取率达18.0%,高于传统的碱提酸沉法2倍。经验证提取的芦丁的性质、结构与标准品芦丁一致,符合质量要求。[结论]从槐豆中提取的芦丁产品有广阔的市场前景。     

土壤干旱对刺槐幼苗水分生理特征的影响

采用盆栽试验对不同土壤干旱程度下刺槐幼苗水分生理特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,蒸腾速率、叶水势、叶片相对含水率、耗水量和耗水系数均随十壤水分的减少而呈降低趋势。同时,我们对试验中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

网翅蝗科3种蝗虫精子发生时c-kit蛋白特异性表达和比较

以吉林省四平地区网翅蝗科(直翅目：蝗总科)3种优势蝗虫为实验材料，探讨在蝗虫精子发生过程中c-kit蛋白表达和调控机制，应用免疫组织化学和统计分析等方法对精子发生过程中四个代表性阶段c-kit蛋白特异性表达动态进行研究，3种蝗虫分别为：绿牧草蝗Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus) ，素色异爪蝗Euchorthippus unicolor (Ikonn.)和条纹异爪蝗Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng。结果表明，（1）精原细胞时期阳性表达强度较弱，阳性颗粒细小；（2）初级精母细胞时期阳性表达强度显著增强，阳性颗粒粗大；（3）次级精母细胞时期阳性表达强度继续增强，阳性颗粒细小；（4）成熟精子时期阳性表达强度较强，阳性颗粒细小，并分布于精子头部和尾丝等处；（5）在精巢小管末端发现大量c-kit蛋白成团存在；（6）c-kit蛋白表达存在的种间差异。以上结果提示c-kit蛋白在生精细胞中阶段性的特异表达说明它直接参与和调控精子增殖与分化进程，同时参与成熟精子生理活性维系和受精等功能，甚至还参与调控不同种蝗虫精子发生的进程和种间生殖隔离的维系。