Soil organic matter and related physical properties in a Mediterranean wheat-based rotation trial

Under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions, limited moisture is the main constraint to rainfed cropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and food and forage legumes. With increasing land-use pressure, moisture-conserving fallowing is being replaced by continuous cropping, which is considered an unsustainable practice. Thus, a long-term trial with durum wheat (T. turgidum var. durum) was established in 1983 at Tel Hadya, Aleppo, Syria (mean annual rainfall 330 mm) to assess alternative rotation options to fallow and continuous cropping. Nitrogen (N) and grazing/residue management were secondary factors. Soil aggregation, infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, and total soil organic matter and component fractions (fulvic and humic acids and polysaccharides) were determined at the end of 12 years. Some rotations, e.g., medic (Medicago sativa) and vetch (Vicia faba), significantly increased soil organic matter (12.5–13.8 g kg⁻¹ versus 10.9–11 g kg⁻¹ for continuous wheat and wheat/fallow). All measurements, or indices, indicated parallel trends with increasing organic matter, e.g., coefficients of macro-structure, micro-aggregation, and water-stable aggregates, and decreasing dispersion. Similarly, legume rotations had higher infiltration rates (16.2–21.8 cm h⁻¹ versus 13.9–14.4 cm h⁻¹ with continuous wheat and wheat/fallow) and hydraulic conductivity rates (8.7–12.4 cm h⁻¹ versus 6.2–7.4 cm h⁻¹ with continuous wheat and wheat/fallow). We conclude that cereal/legume rotations, in addition to being biologically and economically attractive, also enhance soil quality and thus promote soil use sustainability in fragile semi-arid areas as in the Mediterranean zone.     

Structural studies on soil nitrogen by Curie-point pyrolysis — gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with nitrogen-selective detection

Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry with N-selective detection was used to characterize the structure of organic N compounds in four mineral soils. The technique was found suitable for the fast, sensitive, and highly specific identification of N-containing pyrolysis products from whole soils with total N contents between 0.08 and 0.46%. In order to optimize the methodology, one agricultural soil was pyrolyzed at final temperatures of 573, 773, and 973 K. Almost no chemical alterations to identifiable pyrolysis products were observed when the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 573 to 973 K. More than 50 N-containing pyrolysis products were identified, and were divided into compound classes chracterized by specific molecular-chemical structures. These included pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, indoles, quinolines, N derivatives of benzene, alkyl nitriles, and aliphatic amines. Three additional soil samples different in origin and N content were analyzed at 773 K and each showed a specific thermosensitive N-selective chromatogram. Many N-containing pyrolysis products were identified in all samples, which indicated general qualitative regularities in the thermal release of N-containing pyrolysis products from the four soils. In the pyrolyzates of the investigated soils a number of compounds were identified, which is usually not detectable in pyrolysis-gas chromatography spectrometry analyses with N-selective detection of plants and microorganisms. Among these were N derivatives of benzene and long-chain alkyl nitriles, which appear to be soil-specific and suggest significant transformations of organic N in soils. Thus, our results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular-chemical structure of unknown N.     

保水剂与肥料互作及保水缓/控释肥料研究展望

保水剂在农业上的作用日益重要,肥料与保水剂一体化使用是水肥调控的重要技术,是肥料研究的国际前沿。保水剂是吸水量超过自身重量数百倍以上的亲水性高聚物。保水剂一般分为天然的,合成的及半合成的。保水剂与肥料可以通过物理混合、包膜或化学合成三种方式结合为一体化的保水缓/控释肥料。保水剂具有吸水吸肥功能,保水剂可吸附大量中性分子,对阳离子养分也有较强吸附作用,对阴离子养分吸附弱。肥料种类与盐浓度影响保水剂的吸附作用与膨胀能力。保水缓/控释肥料在土壤中对肥料养分有延迟释放作用。保水缓/控释肥料可改善土壤持蓄水分和水肥交互作用,促进植物对养分的吸收和作物增产。保水缓/控释肥料发展方向是包膜和化成保水缓/控释肥料。保水缓/控释肥料湿润及养分控释机理研究也需要加强。     

2000-2012年鄂尔多斯禁牧区植被覆盖度变化监测

[目的]评估鄂尔多斯实施禁牧、休牧政策以来获得的成效。[方法]以MODIS长时间序列的植被指数产品为数据源,利用像元二分模型研究了2000—2012年植被生长期5—9月份鄂尔多斯禁牧区的植被覆盖度及其时空变化特征。并采用转移矩阵的方法,分析了年度间植被覆盖度高低变化的方向。[结果]研究区植被覆盖度自东向西逐渐减小,东部高于西部,北部高于南部;2000—2012年研究区植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势,均有低等级植被覆盖度向高等级植被覆盖度转化的趋势;2008—2012年植被恢复状况比2000—2004年和2004—2008年这两个阶段更优。[结论]禁牧政策使研究区植被长势逐年改善,禁牧、休牧政策对草原生态恢复起到了良好的作用。     

Genetic relationships within Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. based on isozyme analyses

Summary Isozyme analyses of genetic diversity in Vigna unguiculata were performed to determine genetic relationships and level of genetic diversity between wild and cultivated cowpea. Thirty-four cultivated accessions of V. unguiculata, 56 wild accessions of V. unguiculata, and six accessions representing five related wild Vigna species were analyzed. Ten enzyme systems were polymorphic within Vigna unguiculata: AAT, ACO, G6PDH, DIAP, LAP, MUE, ME MDH, PRX, and SOD. Fourteen of 24 putative loci (58%) were polymorphic within wild V. unguiculata, but only one locus (4%) was polymorphic within cultivated cowpea; when five related Vigna species were examined, 21 of the 24 bands of activity showed polymorphisms (88%) adding 33 alleles to the 48 identified within V. unguiculata. In one F₂ population of 68 plants (UCDVg 36 × UCDVg 21) a loose linkage was indicated between Diap-2 and G6pd-1 (² = 15.39; p = 0.004) with an estimated distance of 36.0 cM ± 5.02 (recombination (r) = 0.31). Also in another F₂ population of 38 plants (CB 88 × UCDVg 21) a loose linkage was indicated between Lap-1 and Prx (\gC² = 9.62; p = 0.047) with an estimated distance of 39.8 cM ± 7.0 (r = 0.33). Total genetic diversity (H_T) was 0.085 over all of the accessions including the one classified as V. nervosa. Within accession diversity (H_s) approached zero and between accession diversity (D_si) was responsible for all of the genetic diversity present. Therefore the coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST = D_STII_T) approached 1. Absolute gene differentiation (D_m) was 0.087. Two of the nine segregations in this study were skewed. In general, results of this study concurred with the taxonomic classification within V. unguiculata and provided a strong indication that a severe genetic bottleneck occurred during the domestication process of cowpea.Abbreviations AAT aspartate amino-transferase - ACO aconitase - ALD aldolase - AUS Australia - BDI Burundi - BWA Botswana - CHN China - CMR Cameroon - DIAP diaphorase - DZA Algeria - ETH Ethiopia - G6PDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - GDH glutamate dehydrogenase - GHA Ghana - GUY Guyana - IDH isocitrate dehydrogenase - IND India - KEN Kenya - LAO Laos - LAP leucine aminopeptidase - MDH malate dehydrogenase - ME malic enzyme - MEX Mexico - MOZ Mozambique - MUE methylumelliferyl-esterase - MWI Malawi - MYS Malaysia - NER Niger - NGA Nigeria - PRX peroxidase - RBSC ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase - SEN Senegal - SLE Sierra Leone - SOD superoxide dismutase - TGO Togo - TZA Tanzania - USA United States of America - XDH xanthine dehydrogenase - ZAF South Africa - ZAR Zaire - ZIM Zimbabwe - ZMB Zambia     

斗轮堆取料机变幅装置动力学特性的计算机仿真

对斗轮堆取料机常用结构形式的变幅装置进行了多刚体系统模型简化，建立了系统的运动方程，编制了具有一定通用性的仿真软件，并以ＤＱ１０００／１５００４５型斗轮堆取料机的变幅装置为例，对其典型工况的动力学特性进行了仿真。在获取刚体的动力学参数时，利用ＳＵＰＥＲＳＡＰ９１有限元分析软件建模并计算系统内各刚体的转动惯量和质心位置，取得了良好的效果     

砷污染下菌根接种对番茄生长和砷吸收的效应

为研究砷(As)污染条件下菌根真菌对番茄植株生长和砷吸收的效应,采用盆栽法,以全生育期的番茄植株为材料,对生长在不同砷浓度土壤中的番茄植株接种菌根真菌进行研究。结果表明:无论是接种还是不接种处理,基质砷添加水平增加植株总根长和比根长均呈现减少趋势;砷添加浓度从0 mg/kg增加到100mg/kg时,植株根冠比增加,但砷添加浓度为200 mg/kg时,对照植株根冠比在整个生育期明显增加,而在开花期和坐果期接种显著降低了植株根冠比;添加砷显著增加地上部分和根系砷含量,加砷后结果率显著降低,未接种植株结果量明显减少且质量下降,在200 mg/kg时,接种还是未接种植株均不结果实,但加砷条件下接种降低番茄果实中的含砷量和砷吸收量。     

水稻籼粳交育种策略的优化及育种实践

籼粳交育种是水稻育种取得突破的基本途径,以培育掺粳籼稻为主题,分析了籼粳交育种的多个育种策略,利用典型粳稻和采用三交(回交)方式是优先可取的方法,但存在工作量大的问题。为此,提出了工作量小、能有效缩短育种时间的高效育种策略,即(籼型细胞质雄性不育系/对细胞质雄性不育系具有保持能力的典型粳稻品种F1//具有恢复能力的籼稻品种或恢复系"的育种策略,回顾了籼粳交育种历程及所取得的成效,并对籼粳交育种策略的进一步优化进行展望。     

氮肥基追比对不同成熟型小麦叶片衰老及产量的影响

为了探索不同成熟型小麦品种实现高产的适宜氮肥基追比例,选用正常落黄型品种豫农416和早衰型品种西农979为试验材料,在总施氮量240 kg/hm2条件下,研究了不同氮肥基追比对两种成熟型小麦品种籽粒产量、旗叶SPAD值、叶面积指数及群体质量的影响。结果表明,同一施氮量下,氮肥基追比例对不同成熟型小麦籽粒产量及其产量构成因素的影响均达显著水平,不同品种成产因素及产量的最适氮肥基追比不同。此外,增加追氮比例可明显提高早衰品种西农979各生育时期叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值,有效延缓叶片衰老。本试验条件下,氮肥全部基施或全部追施的产量均较低,氮肥基追结合可以增加产量,正常落黄型品种豫农416获得最高产量的适宜氮肥基追比为5∶5,早衰型品种西农979实现最高产量的最适氮肥基追比为3∶7。     

潮土小麦碳氮含量对长期不同施肥模式的响应

【目的】以潮土21年长期定位试验为基础,分析不同施肥模式下冬小麦不同生育期的地上部生物量、碳氮含量、碳氮比及碳氮积累量,探讨冬小麦碳氮含量对不同施肥模式的响应规律。【方法】试验包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、施氮磷肥(NP)、施氮钾肥(NK)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)、氮磷钾肥配施有机肥(NPKM)、施氮磷钾肥及玉米秸秆还田(NPKS)7个处理。在2011 2012年冬小麦生长季,分别采集越冬、拔节、灌浆、成熟四个生育时期地上部植株样品,利用Euro Vector EA3000型元素分析仪对小麦植株样品的全碳、全氮含量进行测定。【结果】NPK、NPKM和NPKS处理均能显著提高各生育期小麦地上部干重,其中NPKM处理小麦地上部干重在越冬、拔节、灌浆、成熟期分别比CK提高了111%、194%、238%、206%,除越冬期外,等量氮肥条件下,NPK、NPKM和NPKS 3个处理间小麦同一生育期地上部干重无显著差异,说明与氮磷钾配施相比,有机无机配施与秸秆还田这两种措施并不能显著提高小麦地上部生物量;小麦地上部碳含量受不同施肥影响很小,不同生育期小麦地上部碳含量平均值为410 g/kg;小麦成熟期地上部氮含量以N和NK处理最高,分别达到19.4和18.1 g/kg,其中N处理小麦地上部氮含量分别比NPKM和NPKS处理高52%和66%。随着生育期的推移,各处理小麦氮含量逐渐降低,总体表现为越冬期拔节期灌浆期≥成熟期;在整个生育期中各施肥处理碳含量基本保持不变而氮含量呈逐渐下降趋势,这就使得各施肥处理地上部分C/N比随生育期的推移呈逐渐增加趋势;不同施肥下小麦碳积累量差异性和地上部干物质重差异性规律一致,而不同施肥下地上部氮积累量差异性不同于干物质重的差异性,以NP处理最高,达545 kg/hm2,分别比NPKM和NPKS处理高61%和68%。【结论】施肥方式不能显著改变小麦碳含量但能影响氮含量,因此小麦生物量大小决定了其碳的积累量,相应地,C/N比大小则由氮含量决定。氮磷钾配施、有机无机配施及秸秆还田处理下,小麦具有较高的生物量从而具有较高的碳氮积累量,这有利于增加农田系统碳、氮积累,提升土壤碳、氮肥力。