侵蚀作用对黄土丘陵沟壑区有机碳迁移-沉积的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)作为陆地碳库的重要组成部分,不仅对土壤肥力产生重要影响,而且在一定程度上影响着全球变暖趋势,为了深入探究土壤侵蚀与有机碳的关系,利用137 Cs核示踪法,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域王茂沟坡耕地、林地、草地和梯田四种土地利用为研究对象,分析了不同坡面下土壤侵蚀对SOC迁移和沉积的影响规律。结果表明:与该流域137 Cs面积浓度背景值相比(1237 Bq/m²),坡耕地平均137 Cs面积浓度最小,平均137 Cs流失率最大,达到95.86%。根据侵蚀速率,四种坡面景观侵蚀速率大小依次为:坡耕地>草地>林地>梯田。根据土壤有机碳空间分布特征发现,除坡耕地外,林地、草地和梯田土壤沉积与土壤侵蚀同时发生,并且土壤137 Cs面积浓度与有机碳面积浓度呈现显著相关关系(p<0.05)。研究结果表明采用137 Cs核示踪法可以较为科学的解释该区域土壤侵蚀作用对坡面有机碳迁移-沉积的影响规律。     

中梁山岩溶区坡耕地土壤侵蚀137Cs法研究

采用137Cs法对重庆中梁山岩溶区坡耕地进行了土壤侵蚀研究,结果表明:两个样地顶部侵蚀速率都大于10 000 t/(km2·a),是坡耕地土壤侵蚀最强烈的地方,坡耕地上部侵蚀速率为3 000-4 000 t/(km2·a)左右,而在耕地下部土壤出现堆积.样地多年平均土壤侵蚀速率分别为2 765,3 202 t/(km2·a),其均值相当云贵高原坡耕地土壤侵蚀的40.3%,三峡库区的39.9%,嘉陵江流域的54.1%,黄土高原的39.1%,土壤侵蚀绝对量不大、相对侵蚀强烈是岩溶山区的坡耕地土壤侵蚀的基本特点.     

利用137Cs示踪农业耕作土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

建立了一个根据农业耕作土壤剖面中^137Cs的损失量与土壤侵蚀量之间关系的定量模型,在假设^137Cs在耕层中得到充分的混合而变得均一的基础上,根据质量平衡模型推导而成,模型显示^137Cs的衰变常数,年沉降分量,耕层厚和采样年份对年平均土壤侵蚀速率都有重大影响,模型结果还说明,^137Cs的损失量与年平均土壤侵蚀量之间的关系既非线性关系亦非指数关系,而是一种复杂的曲线关系。     

利用137Cs估算土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

A quantitative model was developed to relate the amount of ^137Cs loss from the soil profile to the rate of soil erosion,According th mass balance model,the depth distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the soil profile ,the radioactive decay of ^137Cs,sampling year and the difference of ^137Cs fallout amount among years were taken into consideration.By introducing typical depth distribution functions of ^137Cs into the model ,detailed equations for the model were got for different soil,The model shows that the rate of soil erosion is mainly controlled by the depth distrbution pattern of ^137Cs ,the year of sampling,and the percentage reduction in total ^137Cs,The relationship between the rate of soil loss and ^137Cs depletion i neither linear nor logarithmic,The depth distribution pattern of ^137Cs is a major factor for estimating the rate of soil loss,Soil erosion rate is directly related with the fraction of ^137Cs content near the soil surface. The influences of the radioactive decay of ^137Cs,sampling year and ^137Cs input fraction are not large compared with others.     

Integrated assessment of catchment suspended sediment budgets: a Zambian example

In many developing countries, the management of sediment‐related environmental problems is severely hampered by a lack of information on sediment mobilization and delivery in river basins. The sediment budget concept represents a valuable framework for assembling such information, which can, in turn, be used to assist with the design and implementation of soil erosion and sediment control policies. However, the information necessary to construct a catchment sediment budget is difficult to assemble. Against this background, an integrated approach to establishing a catchment suspended sediment budget, involving a river monitoring station, the use of ¹³⁷Cs measurements to estimate soil erosion and deposition and floodplain accumulation rates within the catchment, and sediment source fingerprinting, has been developed and tested in the 63 km² catchment of the upper Kaleya River in southern Zambia. The approach developed not only provides detailed information on individual components of the suspended sediment delivery system, but also permits the establishment of the overall catchment sediment budget. A sediment budget for the upper Kaleya catchment is presented and both its key features and its wider implications for catchment management are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近100年喀斯特槽谷区洼地沉积速率与流域产沙强度

首次尝试通过沉积物定年反演喀斯特洼地流域单元近100年尺度的侵蚀产沙历史,这有助于认识人类活动对喀斯特石漠化演化过程的影响。以喀斯特槽谷区典型洼地—常家洼洼地为研究对象,应用137Cs、210Pbex定年法分析了近100年的流域产沙强度特征。结果表明:(1)洼地平均沉积速率为1.00cm/a(1917—1963年)和0.25 cm/a(1963—2017年),流域的平均产沙模数为609t/(km^2·a)(1917—1963年)和152t/(km^2·a)(1963—2017年);(2)1917—1963年期间流域产沙强度远高于1963年以后,这与该地区民国至新中国建国初期强烈的人类活动有密切关系,尤其是上世纪50年代末大规模伐木;(3)1963年以来产沙强度明显减小,这是由于此前发生过较强侵蚀导致土壤变少,局部基岩出露,加之此间植被恢复、人类扰动强度降低和水土保持工程实施;(4)常家洼流域产沙强度高于西南其他喀斯特地区,与流域岩性和人为扰动有关。喀斯特石漠化并非仅是近50年人类活动的结果,也与近100年乃至更长时间尺度的人类活动有关。     

Effect of soil exchangeable potassium content on cesium absorption and partitioning in buckwheat grown in a radioactive cesium-contaminated field

The effect of soil exchangeable (plant-available) potassium (ExK) content on cesium (Cs) absorption and translocation in buckwheat was evaluated in a field contaminated with radioactive Cs (¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs, RCs) in 2013. The RCs concentration in buckwheat was significantly positively correlated with the naturally occurring stable Cs (¹³³Cs, SCs) concentration, and was lower at higher soil ExK content. The RCs and SCs were actively absorbed by buckwheat until the flowering stage. The soil ExK content was significantly negatively correlated with soil exchangeable RCs and SCs (ExRCs and ExSCs) concentrations. Greater RCs and SCs absorption by buckwheat in soils with low ExK contents was mainly due to higher soil ExRCs and ExSCs concentrations. Reproductive organs showed the largest differences in SCs concentration between low-ExK and high-ExK plots. The root–shoot and shoot–reproductive organs translocations of SCs markedly decreased with increasing soil ExK content. In the root–shoot and shoot–reproductive organs translocations, the discrimination of SCs and K decreased with decreasing soil ExK content. Our main findings were as follows: (1) because RCs are mainly taken up at the earlier growth stage, potassium should be applied as a basal fertilizer to decrease the RCs concentration in buckwheat; (2) lower soil ExK content led to higher soil ExRCs concentrations, resulting in greater RCs absorption by buckwheat; (3) the high Cs absorption and translocation and weaker discrimination between Cs and K in low ExK content soil may be due to the expression of K transporter(s) with weak discrimination between Cs and K.     

三峡库区腹地忠县小流域近52a泥沙输移比估算研究

为准确定量估算三峡库区腹地小流域近52 a泥沙输移比,为库区小流域水土保持效益评价提供科学依据,综合采用RUSLE模型、塘库淤积泥沙137Cs和210Pb定年技术分别对黄冲子和工农沟小流域1963—2014年不同时段的泥沙输移比进行了估算。结果表明:黄冲子和工农沟小流域近52 a平均土壤侵蚀量分别为119.72、86.86 t,变异系数分别为0.76、0.86;黄冲子和工农沟小流域塘库淤积泥沙的210PbexCRS模式(Constant rate of supply,CRS)的定年结果与137Cs时标基本一致,不同时段产沙量的变异系数分别为0.28、0.19;黄冲子和工农沟小流域1963—2014年的泥沙输移比均值都为0.25,不同时段泥沙输移比的变异系数分别为0.33、0.82,属于中等程度变异。本研究结果明确了泥沙输移比的估算不能割裂"时段性"这一学术认识,并为泥沙输移比的实际应用提供了借鉴。     

“马家沟芹菜”蔬菜品牌竞争力的测算

为分析山东青岛“马家沟芹菜”品牌的竞争力,本文以4Cs营销理论为基础,构建了一套评价指标体系,并运用熵权法与模糊综合评价法得出其品牌竞争力综合评分为81.1500分。根据此分数可知,该品牌竞争力良好。在各类一级指标中,得分依次为：品牌文化力（81.9019）＞品牌传播力（81.5643）＞品牌销售力（80.8988）＞品牌性能价值（79.6669）。本文在分析结果后,对其进行优化建设,为本品牌及同类产品品牌建设指明前进方向。     

东北黑土区坡耕地水蚀与风蚀速率的定量区分

用137Cs含量测定和USLE水蚀预报模型,研究了东北黑土区2块坡耕地的水蚀与风蚀速率,结果表明:直型坡耕地和凸型坡耕地的年均侵蚀速率分别为3054和3548t.km2.a-1;由于坡向的不同,2块坡面的风蚀速率分别为631和1155t.km2.a-1,即研究区每年约有0.5～1.0mm的表层土壤被风吹蚀掉,风蚀分别占总侵蚀的20.7%和32.6%;而水蚀仍为研究区主要的侵蚀方式,2块坡面的水蚀速率分别占总侵蚀的79.3%和67.4%。因此,东北黑土区坡耕地水土流失的防治要充分考虑水和风的不同影响,综合治理。