61份大麦种质资源对蠕孢菌叶斑病的抗性鉴定

 麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌[Bipolaris sorokiniana(Sacc.)Shoemaker]引起的叶斑病是大麦上重要的病害叶部之一,在世界各大麦主要种植区均能造成严重的经济损失。本研究利用3个致病力不同的蠕孢叶斑病菌株Z 12010、Z 12014和Z 13010分别对来源于中国及国外引进的61份大麦种质资源进行苗期抗蠕孢菌叶斑病鉴定,田间接种Z 12014菌株进行成株期抗病性鉴定。在所鉴定的大麦种质中未发现在苗期或成株期对叶斑病免疫的材料。苗期抗叶斑病分析发现,品种之间对3个菌株的抗性存在明显差异,Varunda、Legacy、Tradition、09GW-01、09GW-07、08PJ-36、09PJ-39、垦啤麦7号、垦啤麦10号、驻大麦3号、S-4和中饲麦1号等12份材料对3个菌株表现为中抗至高抗反应型。7份材料成株期抗Z 12014菌株,其中Legacy、蒙啤麦3号、09PJ-39、垦啤麦9号、垦啤麦11号和龙啤麦3号等6份材料具有全生育期抗性特点,品种10-3苗期对菌株Z 12014感病,而成株期抗该菌株。     

河南郑州玉米田4种暗色丝孢真菌的鉴定

[目的]鉴定河南郑州周边地区玉米田的4种暗色丝孢真菌.[方法]从郑州市周边玉米田分时期采集典型土样24份.结果]分离鉴定出4种暗色丝孢菌,分别是腐质霉、穗状平脐蠕孢、黑细基格孢和葡萄穗霉,对其进行了详尽的形态描述,并讨论了他们与近似种的关系,所研究玻片标本与活菌种,均保存于河南农业大学菌物学标本室.[结论]为该地区玉米病害的生物防治奠定基础.     

薏苡叶枯病和叶斑病调查与病原鉴定

对福建省龙岩市新罗区薏苡叶部病害进行了调查。用组织分离法,PSA平板培养经纯化后作病原鉴定,在其上发现了两种病害:薏苡叶斑病为一种新病害,病原鉴定为薏苡尾孢(Cercospora sp.);薏苡叶枯病为福建省首次记录,其病原为薏苡平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris coicis)。     

Farmer participatory evaluation confirms higher grain yields in spring wheat using a selection index for spot blotch resistance, maturity and kernel weight

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for the warm regions of South Asia must produce high yields and possess resistance to spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus), early maturity and high kernel weight. A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of selecting for high grain yield based on a selection index for spot blotch resistance, maturity and kernel weight in four wheat crosses involving a susceptible cultivar and resistant genotypes. Initial selection of 40 progeny lines in each cross had been made using a selection index based on disease severity, days to heading and kernel weight as reported by Sharma and Duveiller [{Crop Sci 43 (2003) 2031}]. The five highest grain-yielding progeny lines from among the 40 lines in each cross, their parents and five popular commercial cultivars were evaluated in field trials at two sites in Nepal in the 2002 and 2003 wheat seasons. Multiple spot blotch assessments were made to determine the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Grain yield, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), days to heading and plant height were examined. The wheat genotypes in the farmer's field were also ranked on the basis of cultivar preference criteria by the local farmers. The 20 progeny lines always showed a higher (+11 to +125%) grain yield and heavier (+10 to +44%) kernels than their parents and a lower (−83 to −89%) AUDPC than the susceptible parent. The progeny lines showed 98–100% grain yield, 97–100% TKW and 66–78% AUDPC compared to the highest grain-yielding commercial cultivar. Based on the farmers' preference criteria for a desirable wheat genotype, the best progeny lines ranked from 3rd to 5th, whereas the two commercial cultivars ranked 1st (Gautam) and 2nd (BL 1473). Results indicated that selection was effective in combining adaptation genes present in a local cultivar with some level of tolerance to spot blotch and resistance genes from exotic genotypes, which translated into improved agronomic performance and disease resistance. The selection index and farmer participatory approach used in this study could serve as a guideline in breeding efforts targeted for high yielding genotypes for wheat-growing conditions in South Asia where spot blotch is a serious biotic constraint to yield.     

Variation in the expression of specificity in two maize diseases

Summary Ten inbred lines from the open-pollinated maize variety Jarvis were selected from 51 randomly collected lines to represent a wide range of susceptibility to one isolate each of Bipolaris maydis or Colletotrichum graminicola. Ten isolates of each pathogen were selected for a range of virulence on a maize line with average resistance. Resistance and virulence ratings were based on lengths of lesions that developed on leaves of greenhouse-grown seedlings inoculated with 5 l droplets of suspensions of known spore concentrations. For each disease the ten maize lines were inoculated in all possible combinations with the ten pathogen isolates. The experiment was run six times with each pathogen. Analysis of variance for individual trials indicated a significant interaction between maize lines and B. maydis isolates in all six trials and between maize lines and C. graminicola isolates in four of six trials. For both diseases. the combined analysis over all six trials revealed no significant interaction. Apparently the expression of specificity in these host-pathogen interactions is variable.     

Stay green trait: variation, inheritance and its association with spot blotch resistance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

One thousand four hundred and seven spring wheat germplasm lines belonging to Indian and CIMMYT wheat programs were evaluated for stay green (SG) trait and resistance to spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana during three consecutive crop seasons, 1999–2000, 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. Disease severity was recorded at six different growth stages beginning from tillering to late milk stage. SG trait was measured by following two approaches: difference for 0–9 scoring of green coloration (chlorophyll) of flag leaf and spike at the late dough stage (GS 87) and a new approach of leaf area under greenness (LAUG). Germplasm lines showed a wide range (7–89) for LAUG and were grouped into four viz., SG, moderately stay green, moderately non-stay green and non-stay green (NSG). However, very few (2.2%) lines showed high expression of SG trait, i.e., LAUG >60. LAUG appeared to be a better measure of SG trait than a 0–9 scale. Mean spot blotch ratings of SG genotypes were significantly lower than those of NSG genotypes at all growth stages. Two spot blotch resistant genotypes (Chirya 3 and Chirya 7) having strong expressions of SG trait were crossed with NSG, spot blotch susceptible cv. Sonalika. Individually threshed F₂ plants were used to advance the generations. SG trait and spot blotch severity were recorded in the parents and F₁, F₃, F₄, F₅, F₆ and F_6–7 generations under disease-protected and inoculated conditions. SG trait in the F₁ generation was intermediate and showed absence of dominance. Evaluation of progenies (202–207) in the segregating generations revealed that SG trait was under the control of around four additive genes. Lines homozygous for SG trait in F₄, F₅, F₆ and F_6–7 generations showed significantly lower mean area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for spot blotch than those with NSG expression. A positive correlation (0.73) between SG trait and AUDPC further indicated a positive influence of SG on severity of spot blotch. The study established that variation for SG trait exists in spring wheat; around four additive genes control its inheritance in the crosses studied and there is positive association between SG trait and resistance to spot blotch.     

用可溶性蛋白电泳法鉴定玉米小斑病菌生理小种

分别从玉米小斑病菌T、C、O三个生理小种的菌丝中提取可溶性蛋白,进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),经多次比较试验,T、C、O小种的蛋白质图谱主带基本相同,个别带存在一定差异,而同一生理小种不同菌株间差异甚小.建议运用病原菌蛋白电泳的方法,作为小种分类、病害预测的手段之一.     

Recessive genes controlling resistance to Helminthosporium leaf blight in synthetic hexaploid wheat

A study was conducted under controlled environment conditions in a phytotron to determine the nature of the inheritance of resistance Helminthosporium leaf blight (HLB) in a synthetic hexaploid wheat line, ‘Chirya‐3’, against the isolate KL‐8 of Bipolaris sorokiniana from the major wheat growing region of India. Crosses were made between two susceptible lines ‘WH 147’ and ‘Chinese Spring’. Analyses of F₁ and F₂ populations of these two crosses (‘WH 147’בChirya‐3’ and ‘Chinese Spring’בChirya‐3’) showed that resistance against the isolate in ‘Chirya‐3’ was governed by two recessive genes functioning in a complementary interaction giving an F₂ segregation pattern of 1 : 15 (resistant : susceptible). The segregation pattern of the resistant F₂ progenies in F₃ families from both crosses confirmed that two homozygous recessive genes were responsible for resistance to the isolate of Bipolaris sorokiniana in the synthetic line ‘Chirya‐3’. It is proposed that the genes be designated as hlbr1 and hlbr2.     

3种牧草根际平脐蠕孢形态和生物学特性

自甘肃环县沟壑草地牧草根部常规组织分离获得特异平脐蠕孢、高粱平脐蠕孢和麦根腐平脐蠕孢，并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明，3种平脐蠕孢在生物学特性上有明显差异，特异平脐蠕孢孢子萌发的温限为5～45℃，最适萌发温度为35℃，在45℃时萌发率仍高达85．1％；高粱平脐蠕孢孢子的萌发温限为5～40℃，最适萌发温度为15～30℃；麦根腐平脐蠕孢孢子的萌发温限为5～45℃，最适温度15～25℃，在45℃时萌发率仅为2．3％；不同pH值时特异平脐蠕孢孢子萌发率均较后2种高，且前者孢子萌发的最适pH值为5．59～6．47，后两者pH值均为6．47；土壤液等4种营养液对特异平脐蠕孢孢子萌发率在4h后有促进作用，对高粱平脐蠕孢在最初2h有促进作用，而对麦根腐平脐蠕孢则有抑制作用；3种菌萌发均需要液态水，但对光不敏感。     

西藏秋播燕麦苗期褐斑病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

通过病原菌的分离、回接及病原菌形态学鉴定,将西藏秋播燕麦褐斑病的病原鉴定为麦根腐平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris sorokiniana）。病菌菌丝在5～35℃均可生长,最适生长温度30℃;在10～30℃均可产孢,20℃时的产孢量最大。培养温度不同,孢子大小亦不同,20℃时孢子最大;15℃时孢子隔膜数最多。分生孢子在10%...