抗纹枯病、根腐病的转SN1基因小麦的获得与鉴定

SN1是源于马铃薯的一种抗菌肽, 可以抑制多种植物病原菌的生长。小麦纹枯病(主要病原菌为禾谷丝核菌Rhizoctonia cerealis)和根腐病(主要病原菌为平脐蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana)是小麦的主要土传真菌病害。本研究利用基因工程技术构建了SN1基因的单子叶植物表达载体pA25-SN1, 它受玉米泛素(ubiquitin)启动子的控制;采用基因枪法将pA25-SN1转化小麦推广品种扬麦18幼胚愈伤组织4 000块, 获得203株再生植株, 通过PCR检测出阳性植株55株, 转化率为1.38%。对转SN1基因小麦T₀~T₂代植株, 进行外源基因的PCR、Southern blot、RT-PCR、荧光定量RT-PCR(Q-RT-PCR)分析和小麦纹枯病菌与根腐病菌接种及其抗病性鉴定。结果表明, 转入的SN1基因已经整合到转基因小麦的基因组中, 能够在转基因小麦中遗传、转录与表达。SN1基因的表达提高了转基因植株对小麦纹枯病和根腐病的抗性, 其抗病性可以遗传。     

高粱靶斑病菌侵染对高粱光系统Ⅱ的影响

以高粱品种Tx622B为试验材料,通过测定叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量,来研究高粱靶斑病菌[Bipolaris sorghicola(Lefebvre&Sherwin)Alcorn]侵染高粱叶片后对光系统II(PSII)结构和功能的影响。结果表明,受病原菌侵染的高粱叶片,H2O2和MDA含量均升高,膜脂过氧化的程度加剧;快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线发生明显变化,进一步的JIP测试分析表明病原菌侵染严重伤害了PSII供体侧,阻断了受体侧QA到QB的电子传递,降低了反应中心的活性。     

牧草根际狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌的研究

对陇东典型草地牧草根际分离获得的狗牙根平脐蠕孢的形态、培养性状和生物学性状进行了研究。结果表明,狗牙根平脐蠕孢菌分生孢子在10~40℃及pH值4.53~9.18均能萌发,适宜温度为20~30℃,适宜pH值为4.53~6.47,在液态水中萌发良好,且对光不敏感。麦根浸出液、羊粪浸出液可抑制孢子萌发,而土壤液和低浓度蔗糖液能促进孢子萌发;葡萄糖、乳糖、D-树胶醛糖、D-半乳糖、可溶性淀粉、甘露糖、D-木糖等碳源及硝酸钠、L-谷氨酸和亮氨酸等氮源对菌丝生长有促进作用,为该菌的良好碳、氮源;麦芽糖和氯醛糖等碳源及碳酸铵、尿素、精氨酸、氯化铵和甘氨酸等氮源对菌丝生长有抑制作用,为该菌的不良碳、氮源。该菌在各种碳、氮源培养基上菌落形态有差异。     

Fruit rot of Strawberry pear (pitaya) caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bipolaris cactivora</Emphasis>

Strawberry pear (pitahaya, pitaya) [Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. and Rose] postharvest fruit rot was found at an agricultural products store in Itoman city, Okinawa Prefecture in 2006. The symptoms included depressed, water-soaked lesions with olive to black powdery spots coalescing into a soft rot. The causal fungus was identified as Bipolaris cactivora (Petrak) Alcorn. This is the first report of strawberry pear fruit rot caused by B. cactivora.     

1株产胆红素氧化酶新菌株的分离与鉴定研究

[目的]分离与鉴定1株产胆红素氧化酶的新菌株.[方法]利用常规的微生物分离培养技术,从玉米叶片的病斑中分离出一株产胆红索氧化酶（bilirubin oxidase,BOD）的丝状真菌.[结果]通过形态学、生理学和rDNA-ITS（登录号为JN251106）序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为Bipolaris australiensis,命名为B.australiensis HD-1,属子囊菌门格孢腔菌目格孢腔菌科平脐蠕孢属澳大利亚平脐蠕孢霉（B.amtraliensis）,亦称澳洲双孢霉,是1株没有被报道过的具有产BOD的新产生菌;在不合任何诱导剂的发酵液中28℃,150 r/min,培养6d,其酶活可达为1 000 U/L.[结论]该方法成功分离出1株产胆红素氧化酶的新菌株,为BOD的产生菌提供了新的微生物来源.     

玉米小斑病菌T小种毒素对玉米叶片过氧化物酶活性的诱导作用

 概述了利用低浓度玉米小斑病菌T小种毒素培养滤液处理玉米叶片以提高玉米叶片过氧化物酶的活性;而过氧化物酶的活性变化与植物抗病性呈正相关,从而说明低浓度T毒素培养滤液本身能够作为激发子来诱导玉米的系统获得性抗性。     

Mycorrhizal and common root-rot infection,and nutrient accumulation in barley grown on breton loam using N from biological fixation or fertilizer

Summary This paper presents soil biological data from a study on the functioning of three soil-plant systems on a Gray Luvisol in Cryoboreal Subhumid central Alberta. The systems were (1) an agroecological 8-year rotation, (2) a continuous grain system, both established in 1981, and (3) a classical Breton 5-year rotation established in 1930. The objectives were to (1) determine whether changes in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) populations occurred in soil under these cropping systems, (2) discover whether these cropping systems and/or VAM infection influenced the incidence of common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana), and (3) use nutrient translocation indices to test the hypothesis that soil quality influences non-specific physiological conditions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). VAM fungal propagules in soil samples and VAM infection under controlled conditions were significantly affected by the cropping system. VAM infection accounted for more than 85% of the variability in grain yield, plant biomass yield, and plant uptake of K, S, Ca, Fe, and Zn under controlled conditions. Backward-elimination regression analyses showed that under these conditions of high available P, plant P uptake was governed by the quantity of extractable P in the soil (r ²=0.82); the VAM infection contributed practically nothing when combined with available P (R ²=0.84). Neither VAM infection nor the cropping system were related to the B. sorokiniana infection in the barley. The growth of B. sorokiniana was equal, and its sporulation superior, when grown on residues of the non-host fababean (Vicia faba L.), compared with growth on residues of barley. Higher translocation of plant nutrients to the grain in the agroecological compared with the continuous grain treatments suggested that VAM and/or the soil history affected plant physiology, possible through hormonal effects. Superior barley yields in the agroecological compared with the continuous grain treatments were partly due to increased VAM colonization, greater nutrient accumulation and translocation to the grain, but not to a reduced disease incidence. These results demonstrate the benefits of a holistic systems approach while studying biological interactions involving plants and groups of soil microorganisms.(ICRISAT journal article number 1161)     

Inheritance of resistance to spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana in spring wheat

Three F₁ progenies and their families in the segregating generations (F₃, F₄, F₅ and F₆), obtained after crossing resistant × susceptible wheat genotypes were studied in the field to determine the genetics of resistance to spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. Spot blotch scores in the F₁ generation showed absence of dominance. Individually threshed F₂ plants were used to advance the generations. Progenies (200‐250) of resistant genotypes Acc. No. 8226, Mon/Ald, Suzhoe#8 crossed with susceptible ‘Sonalika’ were evaluated in the F₃, F₄, F₅ and F₆ generations under induced epiphytotic conditions. Based on disease score distribution in individual progeny rows, F₃ progenies were grouped into four classes: homozygous resistant, homozygous susceptible, segregating resistant and segregating susceptible. Resistance appeared to be under the control of three additive genes. The presence of three genes was also noted in the distribution of F₄ and F₅ lines. In the case of F₆ progeny rows, both quantitative and qualitative models were used to estimate the number of segregating genes based on a 2‐year trial. It appeared that resistance to spot blotch was controlled by the additive interaction of more than two genes, possibly only three.     

Heritability estimates of spot blotch resistance and its association with other traits in spring wheat crosses

Summary Spot blotch caused by Cochliobolus sativusis considered a major disease problem of wheat(Triticum aestivumL.) in the warm areas of South Asia. This study estimated heritability (h ²) of resistance to spot blotch and its correlation with days to heading DH) and maturity (DM), one-hundred-kernel weight (HKW), and plant height (PHT) in 14 crosses involving four resistant (‘Attila’, ‘Chirya 7’, ‘G 162’, and ‘SW89.5422’) and two susceptible (‘Sonalika’ and ‘HD2329’) wheat genotypes. Data were recorded on F₅and F₆lines in fields under natural epidemics of spot blotch in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Heritability was estimated for area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), AUDPC/day, and the highest disease score (HDS) using offspring-parent regression (h _op ²) and realized heritability (h ² _R) procedures. Heritability estimates were low to high in terms of AUDPC (0.21 < h _op ²< 0.64; 0.32 < h _R ²< 0.70), AUDPC/day (0.40 < h _op ²< 0.96; 0.42 < h _R ²< 0.99), and HDS (0.29 < h _op ²< 0.92; 0.32 < h _R ²< 0.95). The h ²estimates for AUDPC/day were higher than for AUDPC and HDS. Estimates of h _R ²were by and large higher than h _op ²in the same cross. A weak negative or nonsignificant correlation of spot blotch score with HKW, DH, DM, and PHT indicated that independent selection for resistance and these agronomic traits is possible.     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。