Development and validation of a set of standard area diagrams to aid in estimation of spot blotch severity on wheat leaves

This study aimed to develop and validate a standard area diagram (SAD) set to quantify the severity of spot blotch, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, on wheat leaves. The proposed SAD set includes images of leaves with 11 distinct disease severities (0·1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 83%). The SAD set was validated by 12 raters without experience in evaluating plant disease. Lin's concordance correlation analysis of estimated versus actual disease severity (based on image analysis) showed that precision and accuracy improved for all raters using the SAD set in contrast to assessments made without it. The SAD set improved accuracy (coefficient of bias, C_b = 0·88 and 0·99, without and with the SAD set, respectively) and agreement (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, ρ_c = 0·81 and 0·96 without and with the SAD set, respectively) of the estimates of severity. The severity estimates were also more reliable when using the SAD set (coefficient of determination, R² = 0·76 unaided and R² = 0·92 with the SAD set, and intra‐class correlation ρ = 0·79 without the SAD set and ρ = 0·95 using the SAD set). The SAD set proposed in this study will improve the accuracy and reliability of estimates of spot blotch severity on wheat leaves.     

福建省玉米小斑病菌对异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及其田间防效

为明确中国福建省玉米小斑病菌对二甲酰亚胺类和甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的敏感性及其田间防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法,分别测定了两类杀菌剂的代表药剂异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯对分离自该省7个玉米产区的73株玉米小斑病菌的毒力。结果表明,供试菌株对异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯均较为敏感,其EC50值范围分别为0.168~2.990和0.017~6.583 μg/mL,平均值分别为（1.003±0.533）和（1.437±1.490）μg/mL,其敏感性频率分布均为连续单峰曲线,符合正态分布,因此可将该平均EC50值（1.003±0.533）和（1.437±1.490）μg/mL分别作为福建省玉米小斑病菌对异菌脲和吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线。田间防效试验表明,采用有效剂量分别为750和150 g/hm2的50%异菌脲悬浮剂（SC）和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油（EC）,分别喷施2次,对玉米小斑病的防效均较好,分别为61.51%~70.69%和69.54%~78.98%,与喷施2次有效剂量为150 g/hm2的25%丙环唑EC的防效相当,且均高于喷施2次有效剂量分别为1 875和2 000 g/hm2的75%百菌清可湿性粉剂（WP）和80%代森锰锌WP的防效。研究结果可为田间玉米小斑病化学防治有效药剂的选择与合理使用提供科学依据,同时为玉米小斑病菌对这两种药剂的田间抗药性风险评估及抗性监测奠定基础。     

黄淮地区主推小麦品种对根腐病抗性的初步鉴定与评价

为了给根腐病的防治和抗病育种工作提供依据,以小麦根腐病病原菌麦根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)LK030093分离物为接种菌株,对黄淮麦区主推的89个小麦品种进行了室内盆栽苗期抗性和田间病圃成株期抗性鉴定,并采用病情指数法进行了抗性评价。结果表明,供试小麦品种中没有免疫和高抗品种;在室内盆栽接种鉴定中,仅郑麦9962表现为抗病,平安8号和周麦24表现为中抗,淮川916、西农919等33个品种表现感病,平安3号、济麦23等53个品种表现高感,抗病、中抗、感病和高感品种所占比例分别为1.12%、2.25%、37.08%和59.55%;在田间病圃成株期鉴定中,洛麦22、泛麦5号表现为抗病,郑麦9962、阜麦936等19个品种表现为中抗,周麦27、济麦20等35个品种表现为感病,兰考906、石麦12等33个品种表现为高感,抗病、中抗、感病和高感品种所占比例分别为2.25%、21.35%、39.33%和37.08%。可见,黄淮麦区主推品种对小麦根腐病的整体抗性较差,需要尽快加强抗病资源筛选和抗病育种工作。     

福建省玉米小斑病菌的生物学特性研究

[目的]为明确福建省玉米小斑病病菌的生物学特性,[方法]以选自福建省建瓯、沙县和福州地区的3株玉米小斑病菌菌株为研究对象,研究了温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对病菌菌丝生长、产孢量和孢子萌发的影响。[结果]结果表明,菌丝生长最适温度和pH分别为30℃和6;产孢最适温度和pH分别为25℃和6~7;孢子萌发最适温度和pH分别为25~28℃和6。光照能显著抑制病菌产孢,在相对湿度为85%、95%条件下或在水琼脂培养基表面上,孢子萌发率分别达50%、88%和90%。葡萄糖、乳糖、甘露醇、可溶性淀粉适宜病菌菌丝生长和孢子形成,而尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵能显著抑制菌丝生长、孢子形成和孢子萌发。菌丝体的致死温度为65℃、10 min或60℃、30 min,分生孢子的致死温度为60℃、10 min或55℃、30 min。[结论]3个菌株的产孢特性、菌丝致死温度和致病力均存在明显的差别。     

水稻胡麻叶斑病病原菌的分离及鉴定

【目的】对水稻胡麻叶斑病病原菌进行分离和鉴定,为进一步研究该病的发病机理和有效防控奠定基础。【方法】采用常规真菌分离方法分离水稻胡麻叶斑病病原菌,通过回接试验进行柯赫氏法则验证,对确认为水稻胡麻叶斑病病原菌的菌落进行形态学和分子鉴定。【结果】经回接试验确认分离的水稻胡麻叶斑病病原菌的分生孢子梗单生,褐色,不分枝,顶端呈膝状弯曲,分生孢子呈长椭圆形、梭形、倒棍棒状,正直或向一侧弯曲,褐色,两端渐狭,钝圆,种脐较平,有5～10个假隔膜。18S rDNA和ITS序列长度分别约为1.8 kb和570 bp,与待鉴定病原菌18S rDNA同源性最高的是狗牙根平脐蠕孢有性态（Cochliobolus cynodontis）,二者的相似度为99%;与其ITS序列同源性最高的是稻平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris oryzae）,二者的相似度也为99%。聚类分析发现,该病原菌与蟋蟀草平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris eleusines）的18S rDNA同源关系最近,与平脐蠕孢属（Bipolaris sp.）的ITS同源关系最近。【结论】成功分离到水稻胡麻叶斑病病原菌,形态学与分子鉴定结果均显示其为稻平脐蠕孢。     

河北省玉米小斑病菌生理小种鉴定及群体动态变化

1987-2003年从河北省10个地区采集玉米小斑病标样,对分离出的288个玉米小斑病菌菌株进行了生理小种鉴定。在鉴定的年度范围内,玉米小斑病菌T小种、C小种、S生理型与O小种的分离频率在地区间和年度间存在显著差异,O小种的平均分离频率明显高于其他小种,是河北省玉米小斑病菌的优势小种。在年度间,C小种的分离频率也存在显著差异,T小种、S生理型、O小种的分离频率无显著差异。O小种具有不同致病力,强致病力菌株和中等致病力菌株的出现频率较弱致病力菌株高,强致病力菌株主要分布在河北省的东部和南部,弱致病力菌株主要分布在河北省北部。     

Characterization and genetic analysis of laboratory mutants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cochliobolus heterostrophus</Emphasis> resistant to dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole fungicides

 Laboratory mutants of Cochliobolus heterostrophus resistant to iprodione were obtained after chemical mutageneses. All the mutants were able to grow on the medium amended with iprodione 100 μg/ml. They showed positive cross-resistance to procymidone and fludioxonil and were sensitive to high osmolarity. Crosses between the mutant and a wild-type strain revealed that the fungicide resistance and osmotic sensitivity traits were inherited by their offspring in a 1 : 1 mutant/wild type ratio, indicating that the mutant phenotypes in these strains were due to alteration at a single gene locus. Results from allelism tests indicated that three genes (Dic1, Dic2, Dic3) conferred the mutant phenotypes. Among them, Dic1 mutant strains were classified into three types on the basis of their phenotypes. The first type was moderately resistant to the fungicides and less sensitive to osmotic stress than the other Dic1 mutant strains. The second type showed moderate fungicide resistance, but growth was inhibited under lower osmotic stress (50 mM KCl). The other Dic1 mutant strains grew well on medium containing iprodione and fludioxonil even at a concentration of 100 μg/ml and were highly sensitive to osmotic stress. The Dic2 and Dic3 mutant strains had moderate resistance to the fungicides with low-level osmotic sensitivity. The Dic1 gene was epistatic to Dic2 and Dic3 for fungicide resistance and hypostatic to them for osmotic sensitivity. These results suggest that the osmoregulatory system is involved in fungicide resistance in laboratory mutants of C. heterostrophus. Received: March 14, 2002 / Accepted: August 13, 2002     

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent signaling for prepenetration development in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cochliobolus miyabeanus</Emphasis> infecting rice

Cochliobolus miyabeanus forms a specialized infection structure, an appressorium, to infect rice. Contacting a hard surface induces appressorium formation in C. miyabeanus, while the hydrophobicity of the substratum does not affect this morphogenic infection event. To determine whether the calcium/calmodulin-dependent signaling system is involved in prepenetration morphogenesis in C. miyabeanus, the effects of a calcium chelator (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid; EGTA), phospholipase C inhibitor (neomycin), intracellular calcium channel blocker (TMB-8), calmodulin antagonists (chlorpromazine, phenoxybenzamine, and W-7), and calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporin A) on morphogenesis and infection were examined. Addition of Ca²⁺ and the calcium ionophore A23187 did not affect conidial germination, while the number of appressoria decreased with higher concentrations. EGTA inhibited conidial germination and appressorium formation. The calcium channel blocker did not affect appressorium formation at any concentration; however, calmodulin antagonists and the calcineurin inhibitor specifically reduced appressorium formation at the micromolar level. One of the calmodulin antagonists, W-7, also inhibited accumulation of mRNA of the calmodulin gene within germinating conidia and/or appressorium-forming germ tubes. Thus, biochemical processes controlled by the calcium/calmodulin signaling system seem to be involved in the induction of prepenetration morphogenesis on rice.     

橡胶狗尾草平脐蠕孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

为明确采自西双版纳景洪地区疑似橡胶麻点病的病原菌,采用组织分离法进行病原菌分离,活体接种法进行致病性测定,通过形态学观察结合rDNA-ITS和GAPDH两个核苷酸片段序列分析,将病原菌确定为狗尾草平脐蠕孢Bipolaris setariae。通过单因子变量试验,对病原菌进行生物学特性研究,结果表明：菌丝生长最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7～8,最适培养基为PDA,菌丝致死温度为53℃,10 min。该病原菌能有效利用多种碳源和氮源,碳源以可溶性淀粉利用率最高,最适氮源为蛋白胨。24 h黑暗条件下培养更有利于菌丝生长。分生孢子萌发的最适温度为28～35℃,最适pH为7～8,28℃黑暗培养2 h后萌发率达到最大,为95.5%,分生孢子致死温度为60℃,10 min。