Broadening weed control with imazamethabenz combinations

Broad-spectrum weed control by use of imazamethabenz (AC 222 293) in herbicide combinations was investigated in the greenhouse. Imazamethabenz at rates ranging from 0·1 to 0·4 kg a.i./ha effectively controlled wild oats (Avena fatua L.). Additional control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) was achieved when imazamethabenz, plus octoxynol surfactant, was applied in combination with MCPA (amine or ester) or commercial MCPA mixtures (bromoxynil/MCPA and cyanazine/MCPA). Only inclusion of propanil/MCPA in the combination reduced wild-oat control by imazamethabenz at the lower rate (0·1 kg/ha). Control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) was also obtained by use of fenoxaprop-ethyl in combination with imazamethabenz (plus octoxynol). Three-way mixtures of imazamethabenz (or plus octoxynol), MCPA alone or mixture, and fenoxaprop-ethyl may provide practical control of grass and broad-leaved weeds in the field.     

Seed priming improves germination in saline conditions for Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus

Seed priming has proved to be an effective method in imparting stress tolerance to plants using natural and/or synthetic compounds to treat the seeds before germination. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of priming treatments in seeds of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus to improve germination under NaCl. Species‐specific protocols for seed hydropriming and osmopriming were established by germinating seeds under different water potentials and creating seed imbibition curves. Primed seeds were then germinated under different concentrations of NaCl, and the effect of priming was analysed based on the parameters, such as final germination percentage (FGP), germination index (GI) and mean germination time (MGT). Seed hydropriming and osmopriming caused significant improvements in germination velocity and uniformity, reflected in high FGP, high GI and reduced MGT under salinity. C. quinoa had a higher tolerance to salinity than A. caudatus during seed germination. Improved germination in salinity resulted from osmopriming seeds with solutions of low water potential for A. caudatus, while for C. quinoa, this effect was achieved from hydropriming and osmopriming seeds with solutions of high water potential. Primed tolerance to moderate salinity was achieved for A. caudatus, and for both species, the salinity threshold for germination to occur was slightly broadened.     

Characterization of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed protein fractions,and their antioxidant activity after hydrolysis with lactic acid bacteria

The objective of this work was to obtain and characterize five Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed protein fractions followed by the determination of antioxidant activities of hydrolysates produced with two Lactobacillus species. Molecular weights of polypeptides (SDS-PAGE) in fractions were 14–97 kDa and those identified by LC-MS/MS include agglutinin, trypsin inhibitor, and cystatin. Each fraction was hydrolyzed with Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus plantarum at their exponential (4 and 8 h) and stationary (14 and 24 h) growth phases. The free amino group content in hydrolysates produced with L. helveticus was up to 5.15% compared to 4.79% in those obtained with L. plantarum. In the antioxidant tests, higher ROO• scavenging activities were obtained for hydrolysates from albumins (1037 ± 80 μM TE/mL) and glutelins (1793 ± 168 μM TE/mL) fractions produced with L. helveticus and L. plantarum, respectively. Scavenging activities of •OH radicals were higher for 11S-G hydrolysates with both Lactobacillus at the stationary phase.     

苋菜中甜菜红素代谢相关基因AmMYB2的表达与功能分析

为了研究AmMYB2基因在苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor)甜菜红素合成中的作用,对红色苋菜品种‘大红’AmMYB2(登录号为KY814751.1)进行生物信息、基因表达及功能分析。结果表明:AmMYB2的开放阅读框(ORF)全长为678 bp,编码蛋白分子质量为25.96 kD,该蛋白具有R2R3型MYB结构域,属于R2R3型MYB转录因子。核酸序列分析结果显示,AmMYB2与甜菜红素合成相关的甜菜BvMYB1和苋菜AmMYB1的相似度分别达到62.11%和49.93%。亚细胞观察显示,AmMYB2蛋白定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量(qPCR)分析发现,AmMYB2在红色苋菜品种的表达量高于绿色苋菜品种;在‘大红’苋菜中,不同组织以及叶片不同部位中AmMYB2的表达量与甜菜红素含量成正比。构建AmMYB2过表达载体,将其转入烟草和拟南芥中,发现该基因能够在这两种植物中高水平表达,但不会引起颜色变化,揭示AmMYB2可能是苋菜中甜菜红素合成的正调控因子,可能不参与花青素的合成。     

角茴香根和地上部水浸液对杂草反枝苋的化感作用

以常见杂草反枝苋为受体植物,采用培养皿滤纸法,通过测定角茴香根水浸液和地上部水浸液对杂草反枝苋的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的角茴香根和地上部水浸液均对反枝苋种子的萌发和幼苗的根长产生了明显的抑制作用,且随着浓度的增加抑制作用增强,当各水浸液的浓度大于0.030 g.mL-1时,即可对反枝苋种子72 h萌发的抑制率达到50%以上;当各水浸液处理浓度大于0.010 g.mL-1时,反枝苋幼苗的根长便低于对照的50%。角茴香根水浸液对反枝苋幼苗的下胚轴产生低促高抑的浓度双重效应,当根水浸液浓度小于0.030 g.mL-1时,促进反枝苋下胚轴的生长;当根水浸液浓度大于0.030 g.mL-1时,抑制反枝苋下胚轴的生长。研究发现,角茴香根和地上部水浸液均对反枝苋表现出明显的化感作用。     

苋菜试管开花过程中相关microRNA表达的qPCR分析

以苋菜无菌试管苗及其试管开花过程中各阶段培养物为材料,利用qPCR技术进行苋菜试管开花过程相关microRNA的表达分析。研究结果表明:由NormFinder软件计算出最适合的内参基因为ama-miR159a;在苋菜试管开花过程中,ama-miR156c、ama-miR156d、ama-miR156g相对表达量在幼苗期向壮苗期转变过程中呈下降趋势,并在整个发育过程中一直保持较低水平;ama-miR156h、ama-miR157b、ama-miR157c、ama-miR157d、ama-miR3和ama-miR10相对表达量在幼苗期向花芽期转变过程中呈下降趋势,并在花芽期达到最低;ama-miR172d的表达模式与miR156/miR157表达模式相反;苋菜试管苗幼苗期到花芽期形成时ama-miR319b相对表达量呈上升趋势,ama-miR164b在花芽期时相对表达量比较高,花芽期向开花期转变时,其相对表达量降低;ama-miR166a/miR166g表达在苋菜开花过程中始终呈上调表达;ama-miR167b/miR167d和ama-miR4相对表达量先略有升高然后降低,在花芽期降到最低,随后又升高。由此可见,microRNA在调控苋菜试管苗由幼苗期向壮苗期转变、营养生长向生殖生长转变以及花器官的形成等过程中起重要的调控作用。     

刺苋总多酚提取工艺及其抗氧化性研究

为给刺苋的研究与开发提供理论基础,对刺苋总多酚提取工艺条件进行了优化,并考察了其对羟基自由基的清除效果.结果表明:刺苋中总多酚最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度60%,浸提时间1 h,料液比为1:10,提取温度40℃.在最佳工艺条件下,刺苋中总多酚提取量可达4.89mg/g.从刺苋中提取的总多酚对羟基自由基有很强的清除能力,...     

籽粒苋AhNAD-ME的序列特征与表达

NAD(P)-苹果酸酶催化苹果酸氧化脱羧,产生丙酮酸和CO₂,伴随NAD(P)的还原。在C₄植物中,苹果酸酶参与了C₄光合作用。本研究对克隆的双子叶C₄植物籽粒苋NAD-苹果酸酶基因(AhNAD-ME)编码的氨基酸序列进行了生物信息学分析,结果表明, AhNAD-ME具有苹果酸酶的完整功能域,包括苹果酸N端结构域和苹果酸酶的NAD结合结构域;进化树表明, 该序列属于NAD-ME的α亚基,该亚基定位于线粒体基质中。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因主要在叶片和茎中表达,表达量随光照时间延长而增加。将AhNAD-ME基因重组到原核表达载体pEASY-E1中,电击法转化到大肠杆菌Transette (DE3)菌株中,IPTG诱导其高效表达,表达的融合蛋白的分子量与预期相符,主要以包涵体形式存在。     

A rapid and reliable PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker for the identification of Amaranthus cruentus species

A rapid and reliable PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker was developed to identify the Amaranthus cruentus species by comparing sequences of the starch branching enzyme (SBE) locus among the three cultivated grain amaranths. We determined the partial SBE genomic sequence in 72 accessions collected from diverse locations around the world by direct sequence analysis. Then, we aligned the gene sequences and searched for restriction enzyme cleavage sites specific to each species for use in the PCR-RFLP analysis. The result indicated that MseI would recognize the sequence 5′-T/TAA-3′ in intron 11 from A. cruentus SBE. A restriction analysis of the amplified 278-bp portion of the SBE gene using the MseI restriction enzyme resulted in species-specific RFLP patterns among A. cruentus, Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Two different bands, 174-bp and 104-bp, were generated in A. cruentus, while A. caudatus and A. hypochondriacus remained undigested (278-bp). Thus, we propose that the PCR-RFLP analysis of the amaranth SBE gene provides a sensitive, rapid, simple and useful technique for identifying the A. cruentus species among the cultivated grain amaranths.