Soil and Groundwater Relationships with Pistachio Yield in the Rafsanjan Area,Iran

This study was conducted to examine the spatial variability of groundwater quality factors and to determine soil physicochemical properties in order to distinguish their relationships with pistachio yield in the Rafsanjan area, Iran. One hundred fifty-seven water samples from the wells of the studied area were evaluated for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sulfate (SO₄ ^2–), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^–), chloride (Cl^–), total hardness, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Groundwater levels of the wells were also recorded. The EC and SAR values of groundwater for some of the wells separately compared with pistachio yield in the orchards irrigated with these wells. Six pistachio gardens with the same management but in different parts were selected, and each garden was divided in two (desired and undesired) parts. In each part of these orchards, soil samples were randomly taken in three replicates from depths of 0–40 and 40–80 cm to determine soil properties. One soil profile was also excavated for soil classification in each part of these gardens. Groundwater in most of the area had EC > 8 dS m^–1 and SAR ≥ 13 (meq L^–1)^0.5. The lowest qualities of groundwater were found in the eastern, southern, and the northern parts of the area, where water's negative effects on pistachio yield have been reported. Statistical results for selected gardens showed that pistachio yield was affected considerably by salinity and clay content of the soils. Modern irrigation techniques and mixing high-quality water with poor-quality water in the area is necessary to prevent the reduction of the water table in the area. Preparing continuous soil salinity and texture maps are recommended for proper pistachio management in the area.     

苏北滩涂区水盐调控措施对土壤盐渍化的影响研究

苏北沿海滩涂区具有大面积存在盐渍化风险的可利用耕地。近年来不合理的开发利用使该地区土壤盐渍化程度加重。通过微区定位试验,对该区典型滩涂盐渍化土壤进行微咸水灌溉结合农艺处理的试验研究,探讨了利用水盐调控措施防控该地区土壤盐渍化程度的可能性。结果表明,在低矿化度(3 g/L左右)的微咸水灌溉条件下,石膏处理和秸秆覆盖处理均可以有效降低各层土壤SAR值,降低耕层土壤盐分含量,并且促进作物生长;当灌溉水矿化度达到6 g/L时,石膏处理仍具有一定控盐效果,但覆盖处理已不能控制土壤表层盐分含量的升高,作物的生长开始受到影响;当灌溉水矿化度达到10 g/L时,各处理耕层均显著积盐,作物生长受到显著影响。因此,6 g/L及以上矿化度的咸水不能用于该地区的灌溉,6 g/L以下浓度的咸水灌溉须配合石膏和秸秆覆盖处理使用。该研究为苏北滩涂区农田管理提供一定的参考依据。     

华南农作物覆盖区土壤水分ENVISAT—ASAR 与MODIS 数据联合反演算法研究

准确、及时地获取大面积地表土壤水分信息在农业科学领域具有较大的应用潜力。本文以地域特色突出的广东省徐闻县为试验区,联合使用双极化ENVISAT-ASAR数据和光学遥感MODIS数据,充分利用MODIS数据的高重复覆盖率,提取试验日期内的归一化差分水指数(NDWI),计算各试验点所对应的植被含水量(VWC)数据,相较于NDVI,NDWI具有不易饱和的特点,更加适合于本次研究所在的高植被覆盖区。最后利用"水—云模型"从ASAR数据总的后向散射中去除植被的影响,建立裸土后向散射系数与实测土壤含水量之间的关系,拟合结果VV极化优于HH极化,相关系数为VV极化R=0.865,HH极化R=0.676,总体上针对农作物覆盖地表土壤水分变化的估算算法还需要更进一步发展和改进,以提高反演精度。     

星载雷达影像对盐渍地微观离子的响应研究

以库车绿洲为例,探讨了星载雷达影像对表征土壤盐渍化微观离子的响应情况.选取春、秋两季的Radarsat影像数据,野外采集土壤剖面0-10 cm和0-50cm处土样,室内测定其8大粒子含量(Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),HCO_3~--,CO_3~(2-))以及pH值、电导率、矿化度、含盐量.采用GPS定位技术,记录每一采样点位的经纬度坐标和雷达影像进行匹配,采用灰色关联分析法分析了Radarsat C波段HH极化对微观粒子在春、秋季节0-10 cm和0-50 cm土壤剖面的响应.结果表明,春季雷达影像对pH值响应强烈,对含盐量响应不稳定,对电导率、矿化度响应一般.就阳离子而言,对Ca~(2+)响应最为显著;就阴离子而言,对HCO_3~-响应最为显著.10月份雷达影像对pH值、电导率响应强烈,对含盐量响应不稳定,对矿化度响应一般.就阳离子而言,无明显规律.就阴离子而言Cl~-响应最为显著,SO_4(2-),HCO_3~-无明显规律.     

合成孔径雷达水稻识别和监测研究进展

合成孔径雷达（SAR）具有全天时、全天候、高分辨率、大幅面监测地物的特征,利用SAR在阴雨天气多、云量大的水稻种植地区开展水稻识别、监测和估产具有光学遥感无可比拟的优势。目前基于雷达对水稻进行识别和监测的研究多用ERS/SAR、RADARSAT/SAR、ENVISATASAR等,其多是以民用或军民两用为主的星载合成孔径雷达。在用SAR数据监测水稻时,其后向散射系数来自4个方面：①入射波直接被水稻散射回去,即直接散射项（D-BS）;②入射波经水稻层的散射到达水面后,经水面反射到水稻层,经水稻层衰减回到雷达（SRE）;③入射波经水稻层衰减到达水面,经水面反射回到水稻层,经水稻层散射回去（ERS）;④入射波经水稻层衰减到达水面,经水面反射到水稻层,经水稻层的散射改变方向下行,再次经水面反射到水稻层,并经水稻层的衰减后回到雷达（W-R-W）。其中,后向散射系数的主要来源是SRE项和ERS项。SAR数据后向散射系数不仅要受到水稻物候期、植株高度、生物量、含水量等的影响,也受到自身入射角、波段、极化方式等的影响。一般地,水稻后向散射系数总体上是先随水稻生长增大,然后略有下降;水稻生长早期,后向散射系数随入射角波动的幅度较小,在水稻生长后期,后向散射系数随入射角波动的幅度变大,波动起伏次数增加;L波段和C波段的后向散射系数表现基本类同,但值要小很多,X波段则与L、C波段的表现相差较大。已有研究中大部分采用同极极化方式的后向散射系数作为研究对象。VV极化的后向散射系数变化比较平滑,HH极化的后向散射系数变化比较复杂。随着雷达卫星技术的发展,多极化、多模式、特殊波段将更能突出星载SAR的优势,拓宽SAR的应用范围,为进一步分析、识别和检测目标提供更有力的工具。     

Signals that stop the rot: Regulation of secondary metabolite defences in cereals

Plants accumulate a vast arsenal of chemically diverse secondary metabolites for defence against pathogens. This review will focus on the signal transduction and regulation of defence secondary metabolite production in five food security cereal crops: maize, rice, wheat, sorghum and oats. Recent research advances in this field have revealed novel processes and chemistry in these monocots that make this a rich field for future research.     

Predicting ESP and SAR by artificial neural network and regression models using soil pH and EC data (Miankangi Region,Sistan and Baluchestan Province,Iran)

Monitoring exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) variability in soils is both time-consuming and expensive. However, in order to estimate the amounts of amendments and land management, it is essential to know ESP and SAR variations and values in sodic or saline and sodic soils. Thus, presenting a method which uses easily obtained indices to estimate ESP and SAR indirectly is more optimal and economical. Input data of the current research were 189 soil samples collected based on a regular networking approach from Miankangi region, Sistan plain, Iran. Then, their physicochemical properties were measured. Results showed that SAR = 3.8 × ln(EC) + 22.83 × ln(pH) – 44.37, (R² = 0.63), and ESP = 3.98×ln(EC) + 36.88(pH) – 56.98 (R² = 0.78) are the best regression models for estimating SAR and ESP, respectively. Moreover, multilayer perceptron (MLP), which explains 95–97% of parameters of soil sodicity using EC and pH as inputs, was the best neural network model. Therefore, MLP could be applied for ESP and SAR evaluation with high accuracy in the Miankangi region.     

植物抗病性及诱导抗性在匍匐翦股颖病害防治中的应用

针对目前匍匐翦股颖草坪病害防治的弊端,引入诱导植物抗病性的概念,从信号传导、基因表达水平、细胞防御结构和生理响应等层面阐述了诱导抗病性后植株体所发生的变化规律;系统揭示了基于SAR和ISR方式的植物抗病性诱导机理。着意综述了诱导植物抗病性理论和研究成果在匍匐翦股颖病害控制中的应用状况,旨在为匍匐翦股颖新型、环保的草坪病害管理实践提供理论指导。     

Validation of environmental DNA (eDNA) as a detection tool for at‐risk freshwater pearly mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

相似文献   

Evaluation of antirotavirus activity of flavonoids

Flavonoids are dietary components and the most ubiquitous phenolic compounds found in nature, showing a range of pharmacological activities including antiviral action. This study describes the antiviral screening of 60 different flavones and flavonols against human rotavirus (Wa-1 strain) as well as their cytotoxicity in MA104 cells. Cytotoxicity was investigated by cell morphology assessment and antirotavirus activity by cytopathic effect inhibition. Results were expressed as CC₅₀ and IC₅₀, respectively, in order to calculate the selectivity index (SI = CC₅₀/IC₅₀) of each compound. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) were proposed based on antirotavirus activity.