基于SPAN与NDVI的全极化SAR数据喀斯特地区土地类型划分

地貌复杂性、地物多样性等特征使得全极化SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）数据的散射机制和散射强度相互交织,从而导致基于传统Wishart-H/α的全极化SAR数据难以实现喀斯特地区土地类型的有效划分。针对此问题,本文先用复Wishart距离测度对研究区土地类型样本进行聚类,同时利用H/α平面对研究区进行超盒聚类,然后根据超盒聚类结果平均相干矩阵与样本聚类结果平均相干矩阵间的复Wishart距离进行半监督分类,获得研究区土地类型划分的初步结果。在此基础上利用对建筑物与裸岩地敏感的极化总功率（Polarimetric-Total-Power,SPAN）和对林地、草地与耕地敏感的归一化植被指数（Normalized Differential Vegetation Index,NDVI）对初步结果继续进行划分,最终将研究区土地类型划分为水体、林地、草地、耕地、建筑地和裸岩地,总体分类精度为81.45%;采用另一地势相对平缓、地形相对单一的典型喀斯特地区全极化SAR数据进行验证,在实现该地区土地类型划分的同时总体分类精度为85.66%。说明gai该研究方法能够实现喀斯特地区土地类型的准确划分。     

Heat shock-induced resistance in strawberry against crown rot fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

This present study investigated the effects of heat shock treatments in strawberry seedlings against crown rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Heat shock treatment at 50 °C for 20 s reduced the disease index of strawberry crown rot and increased chitinase 2-1 gene expression as well as free salycilic acid accumulation. Heat shock treatment did not reduce mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. BIT(2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one,1,1-dioxide) treatment could not protect strawberry seedlings against crown rot disease. This finding suggests that heat shock induces strawberry resistance against Colletotrichum crown rot and assumes that mechanisms other than SAR probably mediated the protective effect of heat shock-induced resistance.     

Influence of Long‐Term Sodic‐Water Irrigation,Gypsum, and Organic Amendments on Soil Properties and Nitrogen Mineralization Kinetics under Rice–Wheat System

Abstract

Influence of long‐term sodic‐water (SW) irrigation with or without gypsum and organic amendments [green manure (GM), farmyard manure (FYM), and rice straw (RS)] on soil properties and nitrogen (N) mineralization kinetics was studied after 12 years of rice–wheat cropping in a sandy loam soil in northwest India. Long‐term SW irrigation increased soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and decreased organic carbon (OC) and total N content. On the other hand, application of gypsum and organic amendments resulted in significant improvement in all these soil properties. Mineralization of soil N ranged from 54 to 111 mg N kg^?1 soil in different treatments. Irrigation with SW depressed N mineralization. In SW‐irrigated plots, two flushes of N mineralization were observed; the first during 0 to 7 d and the second after 28 d. Amending SW irrigated plots with GM and FYM enhanced mineralization of soil N. Gypsum application along with SW irrigation reduced cumulative N mineralization at 56 days in RS‐amended plots but increased it under GM‐treated, FYM‐treated, or unamended plots. Nitrogen mineralization potential (N_o) ranged from 62 to 543 mg N kg^?1 soil. In the first‐order zero‐order model (FOZO), the easily decomposable fraction ranged from 5.4 to 42 mg N kg^?1 soil. Compared to the first‐order single compartment model, the FOZO model could better explain the variations in N mineralization in different treatments. Variations in N_o were influenced more by changes in pH, SAR, and ESP induced by long‐term SW irrigations and amendments rather than by soil OC.     

基于ARSIS策略的SAR影像与多光谱遥感小波融合

针对南方多云多雨、光学遥感数据不易获取的特点,在江苏省宝应县设置了区域试验,探索了ENVISAT/SAR影像与HJ-1A星多光谱遥感融合的模式与效果。基于ARSIS策略,利用Mallat小波变换和波段间交互构造模型IBSM,对SAR影像和HJ-1A/CCD影像进行小波分解与低频、高频系数重构,然后通过小波逆变换得到信息融合影像。针对低频与高频影像的不同区域特征使用不同的融合规则,以增强融合过程的自适应性。对融合影像进行了主观与相应的定量评价,并与PCA变换、IHS变换等传统方法进行比较。最后,利用GPS矢量样点提取了小波融合前后影像的波段值与NDVI信息,对融合效果做了进一步的分析与说明。结果表明,小波融合、IHS变换、PCA变换影像光谱扭曲度平均值分别为0.1016、0.3261、1.2772,其中小波融合方法的值最小。三者的信息熵平均值分别为14.7015、11.8993和13.2293,以小波融合方法的值最高。说明小波融合方法在提高空间分别率的同时,较好的增强了光谱保持能力,信息解译效果明显优于PCA变换和IHS变换2种方法。     

柑橘SAR及其信号转导基因CsSABP2在黄龙病菌侵染中的响应特征

【背景】柑橘系统获得性抗性（systemic acquired resistance,SAR）在柑橘抗黄龙病（Huanglongbing,HLB）过程中起着重要作用。水杨酸（SA）和水杨酸甲酯（MeSA）信号互换是激活植物SAR的关键信号转导途径,但其在抗HLB危害中的作用依然不清楚。【目的】以柑橘HLB不同耐病品种为材料,研究柑橘SAR及其信号转导的关键酶基因CsSABP2（salicylic acid binding protein 2）在HLB 病原菌‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’（CLas）侵染中的响应特征,了解柑橘SAR及CsSABP2响应CLas侵染的作用。【方法】从SAR Marker基因CsPR1、CsPR2、CsPR5表达、活性氧H₂O₂水平和淀粉含量变化等方面分析CLas侵染、外施SA和MeSA调控柑橘SAR的特征。进一步,基于易感HLB锦橙（Citrus sinensis）和耐HLB酸柚（C. grandis）感染CLas转录组测序比较分析,筛选和克隆响应CLas侵染的CsSABP2差异表达基因;生物信息学分析预测差异基因的生物学功能;qRT-PCR分析差异表达基因在锦橙、酸柚和耐HLB马蜂柑（C. hystrix）中响应CLas感染的表达变化;以锦橙叶片为试材分析差异表达基因响应外源SA和MeSA诱导的表达特征。【结果】SAR Marker基因响应CLas表达分析表明,CsPR1、CsPR2和CsPR5均正向响应CLas侵染上调表达,CsPR2和CsPR5在酸柚和马蜂柑中表达水平高于锦橙,特别是叶肉中两个基因的表达水平均显著高于锦橙;相反,CsPR1在叶脉中上调表达水平明显高于叶肉,且在锦橙叶脉中表达水平显著高于酸柚和马蜂柑叶脉中。离体模拟SA和MeSA调控柑橘SAR反应显示,与SA处理相比,MeSA处理明显诱导CsPR1、CsPR2和CsPR5上调表达,同时非处理部位基因（特别是CsPR5）表达水平也明显上调。H₂O₂检测结果表明,外源MeSA诱导非处理部位H₂O₂积累显著强于SA。同时,通过对外施MeSA、SA的感病叶片进行连续5周的淀粉含量检测,发现MeSA能明显减少感病叶片中淀粉的积累。进一步转录组数据和生物信息学分析表明,4个SAR关键调控基因CsSABP2-1、CsSABP2-2、CsSABP2-3、CsSABP2-4显著响应CLas侵染而差异表达,且编码蛋白质均含SABP2水解活性必需的保守结构域。qRT-PCR结果表明,CsSABP2-1、CsSABP2-4在耐病品种酸柚和马蜂柑中受CLas诱导高水平表达且在叶脉中的表达水平高于叶肉;CsSABP2-2和CsSABP2-3表达水平变化不明显。激素诱导结果显示,CsSABP2主要响应MeSA的诱导表达,MeSA显著诱导CsSABP2-2高水平表达（>10倍）,且显著下调CsSABP2-1和CsSABP2-4的表达（下调至0 h表达量的15%—55%）。【结论】耐病品种酸柚和马蜂柑SAR响应CLas的反应明显强于易感病品种锦橙,且MeSA在介导柑橘SAR抗病反应中起正向调控作用。SA与MeSA信号转导的关键酶基因CsSABP2-1 和CsSABP2-4在柑橘SAR响应CLas侵染中起着重要作用,其高水平表达与柑橘HLB抗性紧密相关;而且CsSABP2-1 、CsSABP2-2 、CsSABP2-4在调控SAR应答柑橘CLas侵染中可能起着关键的协同作用。     

灌溉水质与灌溉沟坡度对华北土壤径流和侵蚀的影响

Irrigation-induced soil erosion seriously affects the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. The effects of irrigation water quality and furrow gradient on runoff and soil loss were studied under simulated furrow irrigation in laboratory using a soil collected from an experimental station of China Agricultural University, North China. The experimental treatments were different combinations of irrigation water salt concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 30 mmol_c L^-1, sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of 0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 (mmol_c L^-1)^0.5, and furrow gradients of 1%, 3%, and 5%, with distilled water for irrigation at 3 furrow gradients as controls. The experimental data indicated that total runoff amount, sediment concentration in runoff, and total soil loss amount generally decreased with increasing salt concentration in irrigation water but increased with its sodicity and furrow gradient. The effects of water quality and furrow gradient on soil loss were greater than those on runoff, and the increase of furrow gradient decreased the influence of water quality on soil loss. When the salt concentration increased from 5 to 30 mmol_c L^-1 at SAR of 10.0 (mmol_c L^-1)^0.5, total runoff amount, sediment concentration, and total soil loss amount decreased by 3.89%, 52.1%, and 53.92%, and 10.57%, 38.86%, and 42.03% at the furrow gradients of 1% and 5%, respectively. However, they respectively increased by 3.37%, 45.34%, and 55.36%, and 3.86%, 10.77%, and 13.91% when SAR increased from 0.5 to 10.0 (mmol_c L^-1)^0.5 at the salt concentration of 5 mmol_c L^-1. Irrigation water quality and furrow gradient should be comprehensively considered in the planning and management of furrow irrigation practices to decrease soil loss and improve water utilization efficiency.     

Effect of Foliar Applied Plant Elicitors on Microbial and Nematode Populations in the Root Zone of Potato

Abstract

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a process whereby a plant that successfully resists a pathogen becomes highly resistant to subsequent infection not only by the original pathogen but also by a wide variety of pathogens. Most SAR research has focused on resistance in leaves, so much less is known about the effectiveness of foliar applications of SAR compounds in the protection of plant roots and associated microorganisms in soil. This study was conducted to determine if foliar SAR‐inducing applications (BTH or harpin) negatively impact the potato root system beneficial rhizosphere microbial populations and activity or influence pathogenic nematode populations. Foliar applications of benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole‐7‐carbothioic acid S‐methyl ester (BTH) and the microbial protein harpin applied in various combinations, timings, and rates showed no effects on microbial biomass, culturable bacteria, Pseudomonas populations, or N‐mineralization potentials over 2 years. No stimulatory or inhibitory effects on major bacterial populations were observed, indicating that SAR induction does not have a negative effect on general microbial populations or activities. BTH and harpin both reduced the numbers of lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) by potato harvest. BTH reduced root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi at the end of the season. In addition, BTH and high‐dose harpin (applied at the 4× rate) reduced the nematode infection index in comparison to the control. The SAR elicitors increased the population densities of nontarget free‐living nematodes in the soil compared to the control. Potato yields were not affected by plant elicitors but BTH and harpin both reduced the number of culled potatoes 26% compared to the control. Future studies are designed to determine if these plant elicitors have any direct effect on rhizosphere diversity or if plants with active defense pathways alter carbon flow and root exudates into the soil.     

不同烟草品种感染TMV病程过程中CAT、PAL活力变化研究

对两个具有SAR特性和一个感病烟草资源进行接种TMV和SA处理,在不同时间测定CAT、PAL活力值,分析不同类型烟草资源病程过程中上述两个酶活力值的动态变化.结果表明:具有SAR特性的抗性品种资源对TMV和SA表现出较高的敏感性,PAL活力值在处理后明显地高于感病资源, CAT活力值在处理后低于感病资源;其中CAT活力值的变化早于PAL酶活力值的变化.两个具有SAR特性的烟草资源在总体趋势上相一致,但存在一定的差异性.这与克隆出的相应抗性基因片段序列结果相一致.