云南德宏州：重拳出击 遏制农机安全隐患

近年来,云南省德宏州拖拉机变型运输机发展较快,在农机作业中仍存在着"黑车非驾"等现象为农机安全生产埋下极大隐患。云南省德宏州农机监理部门对拖拉机变型运输机管理工作高度重视,下重拳,对变拖进行整治,州所属监理部门利用年检审工作之机,对拖拉机进行维修、保养,对到达报废年限的拖拉机,坚决报废。利用节假日,派出宣传车,在集镇人口较集中的地段宣传农机法律,法规。由于工作细致,措施得力,有效地遏制了农机事故的发生。     

影响母牛繁殖性能的因素

在养牛业中，繁殖群母牛的利用年限更为重要，因为犊牛是唯一的产品。育种群和生产群的差别在于，生产群希望春秋集中产犊，育种群则不追求季节性产犊，要求母牛每10～11个月产犊1次。笔者现将影响母牛繁殖力的因素介绍如下。     

拖拉机强制报废面临的问题及对策

根据《浙江省拖拉机报废更新管理办法》（以下简称《办法》）和宁波市农机局甬农机[2008]3号《关于做好拖拉机报废更新相关工作的通知》的文件精神，慈溪市从2008年3月1日起对已达到报废年限的上道路拖拉机进行强制报废。根据《办法》规定，慈溪市现登记在册中的451台（其中2007已检405台）上道路拖拉机已达到报废年限，对达到报废年限的拖拉机，除符合《办法》中第六条款规定可以延长1～2个年限外，其余一律报废。     

影响奶牛繁殖力的因素及其防治措施

如何提高奶牛繁殖力是一直困扰广大养殖户的老大难问题,这对于增加农户收入、构建和谐新农村有非常重要的意义.特别是近几年来奶牛养殖有了一个新的台阶,到2008年末我县存栏各类奶牛3.25万头,但是由于养殖水平的筹异,导致了生殖激素分泌紊乱与繁殖疾病,极大的影响了奶牛繁殖水平的提高和利用年限.为此,笔者就实际工作中遇到的一些因素浅述己见,以供广大养殖户和基层畜牧工作者参考.     

Response of grain yield and related agronomic traits of oilseed flax to diversified cropping rotations北大核心CSCD

This research aimed to identify a suitable planting pattern for oilseed flax production in a dry-farming region. A long-term field experiment was started in 2012 with a 4-year crop rotation cycle,designed to measure the effects on flax crop performance of previous crop,and various patterns of flax planting interval within the four-year rotation,compared with continuous flax cropping. Crop parameters measured included plant height,stem diameter,dry matter accumulation and distribution,and the experiment included six different crop rotation patterns：Flax→flax →flax→flax［（F）FFF］;Flax→wheat→potato→flax［（F）WPF］;Flax→potato→flax→wheat［（F）PFW］;Flax→ flax→wheat→potato［（F）FWP］;Flax→wheat→flax→potato［（F）WFP］and flax→wheat→potato→wheat［（F）WPW］. Results for the ninth year showed significantly increased grain yield（29. 89%-109. 57%）in crop rotation treatments compared with continuous cropping of oilseed flax. The ranking of the six tested rotations for yield was：（F）WPW>（F）FWP>（F）WFP>（F）PFW>（F）WPF>（F）FFF. The grain yield of oilseed flax was significantly affected by previous crop,frequency and years interval of flax cropping and number of years of continuous flax cropping. Yield was increased by 54. 45%-59. 29% under wheat stubble and potato stubble compared with oilseed flax stubble,and increased by 30. 66% and 109. 57%,respectively,under 50% and 25% frequencies,compared with 100% frequency. The grain yield of oilseed flax under two-year continuous cropping was higher by 29. 89% than four-year continuous cropping,and increased with increase in years interval between flax crops. Correlation analysis identified a significantly positive correlation between oilseed flax grain yield and effective capsule number,branch number and 1000-seed weight. The effective capsule number,branch number and 1000-seed weight of oilseed flax under rotation treatment were increased by 35. 88%-108. 91%,15. 47%-46. 19% and 14. 61%-16. 34%,respectively（P<0. 05）,compared with continuous cropping. In addition,the high grain yield of oilseed flax was accompanied by an increase in plant height,stem diameter and dry matter accumulation and these increases were,respectively,5. 11%-42. 24%,2. 77%-39. 92% and 31. 25%-117. 89% under the rotation regimes,compared with continuous cropping. Reduction in the number of years of continuous cropping years,change of crop stubble,decreased flax planting frequency and increased of interval between flax crops also improved flax crop performance. In summary,crop rotation improved the vigor of oilseed flax,resulting in greater plant height and stem diameter,improved dry matter accumulation and distribution,leading to increased branch number,effective capsule number and 1000-seed weight,and increase in the crop yield of oilseed flax. The results indicated that a multiple-crop rotation pattern was an effective way to avoid the yield reduction caused by continuous cropping in oilseed flax. The rotation： Flax→wheat→potato→wheat performed best among those tested and can be recommended as an appropriate cropping rotation for oilseed flax production in the dry region of northwest China. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

封育年限对典型草原大针茅无性系构件组成与生长的影响

研究不同封育年限对黄土高原大针茅(Stipa grandis)无性系构件结构组成和生长的影响,可为阐明无性系构件组成和资源分配提供一定基础。在黄土高原典型草原选取不同封育年限区(10和20年)和放牧地(对照)作为试验样地,采用整个无性系完整挖掘的方法进行大针茅无性系构件特征的研究。结果表明：1)与放牧相比,封育10年显著增加了大针茅无性系丛径、生殖枝高度和花序高度(P < 0.05),而封育20年则显著提高了大针茅无性系丛径、总枝数、生殖枝数、营养枝数、分蘖芽数、生殖枝高度、花序高度、地上总生物量、营养枝生物量和花序生物量(P < 0.05)。封育降低了大针茅生殖枝数、生殖枝高度、花序高度、地上总生物量、生殖枝生物量和花序生物量的变异系数。2)随封育年限增加,营养枝生物量比例明显提高,生殖枝生物量比例下降,但花序生物量比例基本不变。3)封育措施显著提高了营养株单株生物量(P < 0.05),但生殖株单株生物量和全体分枝单株生物量与放牧处理差异不显著(P > 0.05)。4)大针茅丛径与地上总生物量、生殖枝数、生殖枝生物量、花序生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.001),与营养枝生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01),与总枝数呈显著正相关关系(P < 0.05)。而地上总生物量与生殖枝数、营养枝数、总枝数、营养枝生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.001),与分蘖芽数、生殖枝生物量和花序生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。分蘖芽数与营养枝数、总枝数、营养枝生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.001),与地上总生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。综上所述,短期封育提高了大针茅的生殖分配,使大针茅迅速成为群落优势种,而长期封育使大针茅更依靠无性繁殖进行种群更新。     

老芒麦种子染色体端粒及抗氧化防御系统对自然老化的响应

为探讨老芒麦种子响应自然老化的抗氧化作用机制和细胞染色体端粒酶活性变化规律,本试验以'青牧1号’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.'Qingmu No.1’)种子为试验材料,研究常温贮藏1,2,4,5和6年后,老芒麦种子活力、生理生化代谢产物、抗氧化酶活性以及端粒酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：随着贮藏时间增加,老芒麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、芽长和活力指数均逐渐降低,端粒酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),葡萄糖含量和浸出液电导率明显上升;贮藏初期,超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD),过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性缓慢降低,贮藏2年以后,上述指标活性急剧下降,从而加快了老芒麦种子的老化进程。老芒麦种子在自然贮藏过程中抗氧化酶活性的降低造成活性氧不能及时清除,导致细胞膜脂过氧化,膜通透性增加,继而影响了种子的萌芽以及幼苗的生长。     

桉树采穗母株和采穗年限的选择

桉树丰产林能否获得速生、高产,除了气候、温度和土壤等立地条件和造林措施以及种苗品种等因子外,苗木扦插繁育技术也是重要因素,其中采穗母株和采穗年限的选择是关键环节.近几年,对湛江市桉树林进行了测定和调查.结果表明:与扦插苗作母株相比,组培苗作母株能扦插的穗条产量增产100%~216.6%,组培苗造林后年平均生长量增加28.5%;组培苗的苗龄超过3 a后,穗条产量和丰产林的年平均生长量均明显下降,采穗母株的采穗年限应控制在3 a以内,3 a后必须更新.     

不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤次生盐渍化发生机理的研究

对不同种植年限的蔬菜大棚、露天菜地和一般农田土壤耕层可溶性盐分进行了分析测定。结果表明:大棚菜地土壤盐分含量0．48-1．15 g／kg,平均为1．06 g／kg,比相邻农田增加253．3％,表明大棚菜地土壤有盐渍化,随着大棚使用年限的延长土壤盐分含量增加。且主要是Cl-、NO3-含量增加。     

设备经济使用年限的求解

研究设备经济使用年限，是科学解决设备老化问题的关键，下面结合生产实际给出设备单位经费的计算公式