A faster inoculation assay for Armillaria using herbaceous plants

Armillaria (honey fungus) is a virulent necrotrophic pathogen that causes Armillaria root disease. Conventional Armillaria inoculation assays use young saplings as hosts and consequently are cumbersome, frequently conducted outdoors, and take many years from establishment to analysis of infection. We have developed and evaluated a faster inoculation assay for Armillaria that uses herbaceous plants as hosts, is carried out in controlled conditions, and reduces experimental durations to 3 months. Plant species of known susceptibility to Armillaria and comparisons between virulent A. mellea and opportunistic A. gallica were used to validate the assay. Mortality and diagnostic symptoms of Armillaria root disease such as epiphytic rhizomorphs and mycelial fans were used to assess levels of infection. We also attempted to reduce assay preparation time by substituting woody inocula with agar inocula, but typical symptoms of Armillaria root disease were only observed on plants infected with woody inocula. Through our assay, we identified five new potential herbaceous hosts of Armillaria: Kniphofia hirsuta, Hordeum vulgare, Lobelia cardinalis, Nicotiana tabacum and Helenium hoopesii – further expanding the extensive list of plants with susceptibility to Armillaria and suggesting infection of herbaceous species may be more widespread than currently acknowledged.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒12个野毒株的毒力比较

对3－7周龄SPF鸡人工感染的致病性比较试验表明，从不同地区收集的12个鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）野毒株的毒力差异甚大，致病性最强的GX8／99株可引起易感年龄的SPF鸡70％－92％的死亡率，属超强毒，而人工接种YN2／99株的SPF鸡死亡率几乎为零。其余毒株对SPF鸡的致死率介于20％－60％，它们的毒力介于IBDV的标准毒与超强毒之间。     

番鸭新病——花肝病的研究：Ⅰ．分离毒的致病必及感染途径试验

番鸭花肝的是近年流行的一种新的番鸭疫病，其特征性病变是死亡番鸭的肝、脾、小肠等部位出现灰白色的坏死点，本文自广东省主要疫区分离到几株病毒，这些病毒在番鸭胚上可继代繁殖，其胚液可使番鸭妇病。不同途径感染试验表明该病毒通过肌肉注射、爪垫部注射、口服，同居感染均可使番鸭发病和死亡，并具有典型病变，分离毒不能使半番鸭，本地鸭，鸡发病。     

Gene-for-gene relationship for resistance in wheat to isolates of Karnal bunt, Neovossia indica

Reactions to eight isolates of Karnal bunt, Neovossia indica, collected from seven different locations in northern India were studied on 13 host lines, including cultivars and breeding lines of Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum and Triticosecale in all possible combinations. The incidence of Karnal bunt varied from zero in PBW 34 and PBW 248 with isolates Ni8 and Ni2, respectively, to as high as 66.8% in a highly susceptible cultivar WL 711 with isolate Ni5. The differences in disease incidence among cultivars and isolates were highly significant. All the isolates could be distinguished on the basis of differential reactions on one or more of the host lines. Even the most resistant lines of durum (PDW 215), triticale (TL 1210) and wheat (HD 29) could be distinguished by the differential disease reaction with one or more of the eight isolates. The cultivar-isolate interaction for disease score was highly significant, indicating the probable existence of a gene-for-gene relationship in this host-pathogen system.     

山西棉花黄萎病菌致病性研究

2001年8月在山西省主产棉区运城、临汾、晋东南、晋中有代表性地取样、分离、纯化、鉴定,取得了19个黄萎病菌代表菌系和3个对照菌系。2002-2003年观察鉴定,山西省的19个代表菌系均属大丽轮枝菌(VerticilliumdahliaeKleb.)。这些菌系在PDA平皿上菌落的增长量、微菌核形成的快慢、数量、形状和大小变化以及黑色素产生的比值等均有差异,其致病力也不同。经温室致病力测定将其划分为3个不同的生理类型,即致病力强的落叶型Ⅰ型、致病力中等的Ⅱ型、致病力弱的Ⅲ型,分别占50.0%、36.4%、13.6%。由于致病力的差异,棉花黄萎病田间的症状表现也不同。     

Molecular characerization of the interaction between the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and tomato

The fungus Cladosprium fulvum is a biotrophic leaf pathogen of tomato. The fungus develops in the intercellular space without forming specialized feeding structures and does not affect the leaf tissue. The outcome of the C. fulvum-tomato interaction can be described by the gene-for-gene model. Failure of infection is expressed by a hypersensitive response. Two fungal proteins, ECP1 and ECP2, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. In a compatible interaction including many physiological races ECP1 and ECP2 are highly produced and a role in pathogenicity is suggestive. The ecp1 gene shows some homology with tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) while the ecp2 gene shows no homology with sequences known in data bases. However, disruption of one of the two genes showed no reduced pathogenicity of the fungus. Two race-specific elicitors, AVR4 and AVR9, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. The avirulence genes Avr4 and Avr9 are only present in C. fulvum avirulent on Cf-4 and Cf-9 cultivars, respectively. The expression of these two genes is, like the expression of the ecp genes, highly induced when the fungus grows in planta. Disruption of the Avr9 gene in wild type avirulent races leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the complementary resistance gene Cf-9. A single base-pair change in the avirulence gene Avr4 leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the Cf-4 resistance gene. Isolation, characterization and possible function of ECP1, ECP2, AVR4, and AVR9 will be discussed.     

玉米灰斑病菌致病性分化的寄主鉴定方法

玉米灰斑病现已严重威胁中国北方玉米生产的可持续发展。本研究采用苗期鉴定、成株期鉴定、温室鉴定和田间鉴定等方法，利用玉米自交系和品种对玉米灰斑病菌致病性分化鉴定方法进行了研究。结果表明：玉米苗期和成株期均可用于玉米灰斑病的抗性鉴定，两者鉴定结果有一定的相似性，但利用成株期进行鉴定比较好，因为接种比较容易；利用自交系或品种均可进行抗性鉴定，从效果上看，利用自交系较好，因为利用成株期自交系鉴定法，不同自交系一菌株组合间病级差异较明显，变异系数为47．32％，能有效地区分不同菌株间致病性分化的程度，但是由于成株期品种鉴定法与成株期白交系鉴定法比较。变异系数差异很小，所以成株期品种鉴定法可以作为抗性鉴定的辅助方法。     

北京地区板栗实腐病病原菌的致病性及侵染过程

北京地区板栗实腐病的病原菌有5种.在板栗怀黄品种处于不同活力状态的种子上接种，表明这些病原菌的致病性有差异.Colletotrichum gloeosporioides致病性最强，受种子活力状态的影响较小;Dothiorella gregaria致病性较强，潜育期的长短受种子活力的影响较明显；Fusarium solani,Phomopsissp.和Rhizopus stolonifer致病性较弱，仅在种子活力水平较低时致病，且发病率也低.在栗果不同发育阶段和种子贮藏时期分离检查花器和栗果组织带菌状况，病原菌在板栗雌花受粉期以后开始侵入花柱和栗苞外壳，8月中旬花柱和果皮上的病原菌检出率明显增多，9月中旬栗果近成熟期病原菌进入种仁.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌(ESCHERICHIA COLI)菌毛的电镜观察

为了摸清鸡源大肠埃希氏菌的菌毛与致病性的关系而进行了本课题的研究。我们从内蒙古自治区7个盟市9个具有代表性的养鸡场死胚和死雏鸡中分离到的203株大肠埃希氏菌中选择了13株有致病性和2株无致病性的菌株进行电子显微镜观察。通过观察发现,我们所分离到的鸡致病性大肠埃希氏菌菌株在适宜的条件下培养均能形成菌毛,而无致病性大肠埃希氏菌未能形成菌毛。     

水稻纹枯病菌胞壁降解酶的产生及致病作用

水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solaniKühn)在改良的Marcus培养液中能产生多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG)、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶(PGTE)和果胶甲基反式消除酶(PMTE)5种胞壁降解酶,其中PG、Cx和PMG活性较高,而PGTE和PMTE活性很低。病菌产生胞壁降解酶的最佳条件是:在pH5培养液中28℃下静置培养6 d。病菌接种水稻叶鞘后也能显著产生PG、Cx和PMG等胞壁降解酶,并且病斑外侧褪绿部酶活最高,平均为对照(健康部)的3.4倍;其次是褐色部,酶活总量平均为对照的2.9倍;病斑中央枯白部酶活较低,但明显高于对照。这一结果提示,在病菌侵染和扩展过程中胞壁降解酶起重要作用。果胶酶(PG、PMG)和纤维素酶(Cx)无论是单独处理还是混合处理,对水稻叶鞘都具有显著地损伤细胞膜和浸渍组织的作用。