“七五”国家科技攻关项目 蔬菜新品种选育研究——Ⅴ.白菜专题育成的新品种(系)简介

本文介绍了1986～1990年白菜专题11个单位育成的22个白菜新品种(系)。其抗病性、品质、产量均优于原有品种。全部通过了农业部主持的专家组验收。     

Preliminary results of using in vitro axillary and adventitious buds in mutation breeding of Chinese gooseberry

Summary Aseptically cultured shoots of Chinese gooseberry exhibited growth disorder and morphological aberrances, and some died after being exposed to sufficient gamma-ray irradiation. The death rate was dose dependant and the LD₅₀ was 80–90 Gy and 50–60 Gy respectively for cv. Hayward and clone 4. All petiole explants irradiated with gamma-ray could form calli as the control, but the rate of differentiation of adventitious shoots of the petiole explants decreased and was dependant on dose. Sensitivity of the shoot or petiole explants to gamma-ray irradiation varied with species. Gamma-ray irradiation did not deter either the 2-node segments from producing axillary shoots M₁, M₂, and M₃ or the advantitious shoots originating in the petiole explants and the M₃ shoots from forming advantitious roots. Therefore, using aseptically cultured axillary or adventitious buds for mutation breeding of Chinese gooseberry is feasible. A bacterium surviving in the explants lessened the efficiency of these two in vitro techniques in mutation breeding of Chinese gooseberry.Abbreviations IAA 3-indole acetic acid - IBA -indole butyric acid - MS Murashige & Skoog (1962)     

利用芥蓝×青花菜DH群体构建AFLP连锁图谱

 利用青花菜(Brassica oleracea var. italica) 与芥蓝(Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) 杂交后代双单倍体(DH) 群体为材料, 通过AFLP技术构建了一个甘蓝类作物较高密度的遗传连锁图谱。该图谱包括9个主要连锁群及2个小连锁群, 总图距801.5 cM, 含337个AFLP标记, 标记间平均距离为3.6 cM,为甘蓝类作物基因定位、比较基因组学及重要经济性状QTL分析提供了一个框架图谱。     

利用大白菜DH群体构建AFLP遗传连锁图谱

 以大白菜‘汴早- 26’和‘光90E16’的F₁ 代进行游离小孢子培养所获得的含有59个株系的DH群体为试材, 利用AFLP技术通过63对引物筛选共获得346个AFLP多态性标记, 运用JoinMap 3.0软件构建大白菜遗传连锁图谱。该图谱主要包括10个连锁群, 总图距为708 cM, 平均图距为2.0 cM。     

枣胚培技术体系的建立

 以‘六月鲜’枣为试材, 对花后12～82 d的幼胚进行培养。结果表明, 适宜于胚挽救的最小胚龄为花后50 d左右; 在胚形成前进行离体培养, 蔗糖浓度以7%为宜, 而胚形成后离体培养以5%蔗糖为宜; 暗培养可促进离体胚的生长发育, 且有利于生根; 植物生长调节剂及有机添加物极显著地影响着胚培效果。花后70～72 d胚龄的胚适宜培养基为1 /2MS + IBA 0.4 (mg/L, 单位下同) +BA 0.8 +LH 500 + GA₃5 + 5%蔗糖。胚培苗经扩繁后转入1 /2 MS + IBA 1.0 + IAA 0.06 + 2%蔗糖培养基上, 获得了健壮生根苗,生根苗移栽成活率达85%以上。     

大白菜不同品种对硝酸盐积累差异的研究

 将17个大白菜品种在高浓度氮素水平下营养液栽培, 分析各品种不同时期硝酸盐含量, 发现不同品种之间硝酸盐含量差异达到极显著, 最高和最低者相差两倍以上。硝酸还原酶的活性同硝酸盐含量相关性达到显著负相关, 但是也有硝酸盐含量低, 同时硝酸还原酶活性也低的品种, 通过分析认为可以通过育种途径培育出硝酸盐低积累量的品种。     

Growth performance, energy, and nitrogen balance of weanling pigs fed a cereal-based diet supplemented with Chinese rhubarb

Forty Swiss Large White piglets of 4 weeks of age were used to determine the effect of dietary Chinese rhubarb on growth performance, as well as on energy and nitrogen metabolism by means of indirect respiration calorimetry studies. A cereal-based diet, supplemented with four different dosages of Chinese rhubarb (0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%), was offered ad libitum to the piglets. Gaseous exchange was measured, and urine, faeces, and blood samples were taken. The addition of 0.25% dietary rhubarb increased feed intake (+32%) and daily weight gain (+67%) compared to the diet containing the greatest amount of rhubarb (1%). The piglets fed diet supplemented with 0.25% rhubarb digested and metabolised more energy and nitrogen relative to the animals of treatment 1%. As a consequence, the same group (0.25%) converted more energy and nitrogen into body protein than piglets receiving diet supplemented with 1% rhubarb. However, compared to the control group, the addition of 0.25% rhubarb to the diet resulted in not significantly alter growth performance, energy, and nitrogen metabolism of the animals.Blood parameters were not affected by the rhubarb supplementation. The dose-responding effect of Chinese rhubarb was reflected by the dry matter content of faecal samples. According to the laxative effect of higher doses of rhubarb, the addition of 1% rhubarb to the diet reduced dry matter content of faeces. This effect was well visible in practice, although not relevant in statistical terms. The addition of 0.5% dietary rhubarb had no relevant effect on growth performance or on energy and nitrogen metabolism of treated animals.     

以白菜为例的转基因植物环境安全性评价研究

以转除草剂抗性基因的白菜为例,通过对具体事实的展现和分析,介绍了关于转基因植物环境安全性评价的方法,以及目前国际上关于转基因作物的一些比较一致的结论。针对我国的农业生态环境,结合试验结果,讨论了获得的转基因白菜的环境安全性。     

极早熟大白菜新品种豫新50的选育

采用游离小孢子培养双单倍体技术快速育成早熟大白菜杂交一代新品种豫新50。结果表明:豫新50为极早熟耐热品种,从播种到采收50-56d,高抗病毒病和软腐病,抗霜霉病;平均667m2产净菜2716.87kg,株形紧凑,适宜密植;叶球矮桩叠抱,整齐度高,商品性好;质地柔嫩,风味佳,每100g鲜样含粗蛋白质1.19g,粗纤维0.40g,维生素C20.8mg,可溶性糖2.80g。     

利用游离小孢子培养育成早熟大白菜新品种‘豫新5号’

 ‘豫新5号’是采用游离小孢子培养双单倍体育种技术选育的一代杂种，该品种生育期60 d，单球质量23 kg，球形指数1.35，高抗病毒病、霜霉病和软腐病，净菜产量56.7 t·hm^-2，可兼作早熟、晚熟栽培。