Cloning of the acetylcholinesterase 1 gene and identification of point mutations putatively associated with carbofuran resistance in Nilaparvata lugens

Molecular mechanisms of carbofuran resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, were investigated. A carbofuran-resistant strain (CAS) showed approximately 45.5- and 15.1-fold resistance compared with a susceptible strain (SUS) and a non-selected field strain (FM), respectively. Activities of the esterase and mixed-function oxidase were approximately 2.8- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, in the CAS strain than in the SUS strain, suggesting that these enzymes play a minor role in carbofuran resistance. Interestingly, the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to carbofuran was approximately 5.5- and 3.7-fold higher in the CAS strain compared to the SUS and FM strains, respectively, indicating that AChE insensitivity is associated with carbofuran resistance. Western blot analysis identified two kinds of AChEs, of which the type-1 AChE (encoded from Nlace1, which is paralogous to the Drosophila AChE gene) was determined to be the major catalytic AChE in N. lugens. The open reading frame of Nlace1 is composed of 1989 bp (approximately 74 kD) and revealed 52.5% and 24.3% amino acid sequence identities to those of Nephotettix cincticeps and Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. Screening of point mutations identified four amino acid substitutions (G119A, F/Y330S, F331H and H332L) in the CAS strain that likely contribute to AChE insensitivity. The frequencies of these mutations were well correlated with resistance levels, confirming that they are associated with reduced sensitivity to carbofuran in N. lugens. These point mutations can be useful as genetic markers for monitoring resistance levels in field populations of N. lugens.     

氨基甲酸酯类农药残留分析方法的研究进展

概述了氨基甲酸酯类农药分析方法的种类、原理及研究进展，同时对它们的优缺点进行了比较。     

N-甲基氨基甲酸-8-喹啉酯农药的研制

介绍了用光气、8-羟基喹啉和甲胺合成N-甲基氮基甲酸-8-喹啉酯的方法.通过光谱分析,产品与预测结构一致,它属于氮基甲酸酯类新农药.防效测定,对稻飞虱成虫有良好防治效果,有效期为15～20d;对棉蚜防治,效果可达95％以上.为氨基甲酸酯类新农药的研制,提供了参考依据.     

黄瓜番茄中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的高效液相色谱测定

研究了采用高效液相色谱(配荧光检测器和柱后衍生系统)同时测定黄瓜、番茄中三羟基克百威、速灭威、残杀威、克百威、甲奈威、异丙威、抗蚜威、仲丁威等8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的多残留分析方法,对每种农药均做3种不同浓度0.05、0.1、0.5 mg.kg-1的添加回收率试验。结果表明,该方法对于8种农药的回收率为70%~105%,变异系数在10%之内,最小检出限为0.001 0~0.007 5 mg.kg-1。     

A method for the determination of chlorpropham residues in crisps and crisp frying oil

Summary Chlorpropham residues in potato crisps were determined by a method of analysis involving solvent extraction, alumina column clean-up and quantification of the chlorpropham by gas chromatography. The method has an overall recovery rate of 93.2% and the minimum detectable amount is equivalent to 0.035 mg kg¹. Commercial samples having an initial residues of 0.18 mg kg¹ in washed, peeled slices contained a residue of 0.45 mg kg¹ after frying; the frier oil contained 0.4 mg kg¹.     

高效液相色谱法检测防腐橡胶木中的碘代丙炔基丁基氨基甲酸酯

橡胶木中淀粉含量远高于其他树种,易发霉、蓝变。碘代丙炔基丁基氨基甲酸酯（3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate,IPBC）绿色环保,对霉菌、蓝变菌有特效,尤其适用于橡胶木保护。目前橡胶木中IPBC分析方法的研究报道较少,其防腐处理材的质量监督尚缺乏有效手段。为了准确分析防腐橡胶木中的IPBC,建立了一种高效液相色谱（high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）方法,检验了该方法的检出限、加标回收率等性能,并比较了不同提取方法、提取溶剂、木粉粒径等因素对防腐橡胶木中IPBC提取效果的影响。建立的HPLC方法使用C18反相色谱柱,乙腈-水（55︰45,V/V）为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长204 nm,IPBC保留时间约6.45 min。在2~80 mg/L浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数0.9998;检出限0.2 mg/L,平均加标回收率99.61%。超声法提取的效果显著优于索氏抽提器法;以甲醇或甲醇-水（9︰1, V/V）混合液为溶剂超声提取的效果较好,乙酸乙酯和石油醚不适于提取木材中的IPBC。以甲醇-水（9︰1, V/V）混合液为溶剂制备样品可改善色谱峰形,有助于提高分析方法的准确性。木粉粒径差异对IPBC超声提取的影响较小。高温条件会导致IPBC降解,严重影响分析结果准确性,因此在整个分析过程中应避免高温条件。本方法检出限低、重现性好,准确性高,适于分析防腐木材中微量的IPBC。     

Is Apis mellifera more sensitive to insecticides than other insects?

BACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides. RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined. CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

九种农药制剂和一种叶面肥中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类隐性成分的快速检测

建立了一种针对9种农药制剂和1种叶面肥中隐性添加23种有机磷或氨基甲酸酯类农药的快速检测方法。将农药制剂和叶面肥用磷酸盐缓冲溶液稀释静置后取上清液,加入乙酰胆碱酯酶溶液和显色剂,摇匀后反应5 min,加入底物后通过农药残留速测仪在波长412 nm处测定0~3 min的吸光度变化值。此外,对氧乐果、甲拌磷和甲基对硫磷在9种农药制剂和1种叶面肥中的检出限进行了验证。结果表明:该方法检出限在0.03~4.4 mg/L之间,当在9种农药制剂和1种叶面肥中的添加水平略低于检出限时,其抑制率均50%(为56%~100%)。本方法可用于定性判断农药制剂中是否添加了上述隐性成分。