Alteration of soil water content consequent to root-pruning at a windbreak/crop interface in Nebraska, USA

Root-pruning is generally recommended as an appropriate treatment to reduce competition for soil water and/or nutrients and suppression of crop yield in areas adjacent to windbreaks. Several recent studies suggest, however, that factors other than soil water might be causing yield reduction at the interface. For two consecutive years, we evaluated root-pruning effects on soil water at the windbreak/crop interface under both cropped (soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] variety Iroquois, 1997) and non-cropped (1998) conditions in Mead, Nebraska, USA. Volumetric soil water content near the windbreaks was systematically measured at various soil depths, distances from the windbreak, and windbreak exposures using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Overall differences in soil water content between root-pruned and non-pruned plots in soybean were smaller in magnitude at all distances in both the west (windbreak on the east side) and the east (windbreak on the west side) exposures in 1997, compared with the non-cropped condition in the south exposure in 1998. With a soybean crop in 1997, volumetric soil water content in the east exposure averaged 2.3% greater in the top 30 cm of the soil profile at a distance of 0.75H (H = windbreak height) into the field from the windbreak when compared to the non-pruned treatment. In the west exposure, however, the differences were undetectable at corresponding distance and depth. The increase in soybean yield in root-pruned plots corresponded well with the observed differences in soil water content at various distances, especially in the east exposure. Under a non-cropped condition in 1998, soil water content in the root-pruned plots was significantly greater than the non-pruned plots in the top 45-cm profile, averaging 3.3% at 0.75H and 2.2% at 1.0H. Beyond 1.0H, the increase was not significant. These results agree with the previously reported range of crop yield suppression near windbreaks, indicating that soil water competition between the crop and windbreak is highly related to, and probably plays a leading role in yield suppression within the competition zone.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大田遮荫对夏玉米光合特性的影响

在大田条件下研究不同时期和不同程度遮荫对夏玉米光合特性及其产量的影响。结果表明，遮荫对玉米叶片的光合特性有显著影响，导致玉米籽粒产量显著降低，农大108（ND108）苗期遮荫50%和90%的籽粒产量分别比对照降低16.9%和24.5%，穗期遮荫分别降低34.1%和55.3%，花粒期遮荫分别降低67.5%和79.4%。遮荫后玉米的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和净光合速率等都显著降低。不同生育时期对遮荫的响应不同，苗期遮荫50%和90%处理的叶面积指数分别较对照降低53.6%和64.3%，穗期分别降低22.1%和23.0%，花粒期分别降低66.2%和79.4%。遮荫50%和90%处理叶片的光合速率苗期分别较对照降低28.6%和49.0%，穗期分别降低36.6%和59.6%，花粒期分别降低43.9%和64.7%。遮荫使玉米叶片的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）和核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPCase）活性显著降低，不同遮荫时期对其影响不同，花粒期遮荫影响最显著。遮荫时期对玉米光合特性的影响大于遮荫程度对其影响。     

小麦穗粒数的调节 Ⅱ开花前遮光对穗碳水化合物代谢和内源激素水平的影响

在小麦开花前１６～８ｄ和开花前８ｄ至开花期进行遮光处理（遮光率７０％～８０％）分别使穗粒数减少了３７％和２３％。在处理期间，遮光穗的还原糖（葡萄糖＋果糖）和果聚糖浓度显著低于对照穗，而蔗糖浓度与对照差异较小。遮光处理降低了穗中蔗糖－蔗糖果糖基转移酶（ＳＳＴ）和可溶性酸性转化酶（ＡＩ）的活性。分析穗器官吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）、玉米素／玉米素核苷（Ｚ／ＺＲ）和脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量表明，遮光处理对穗中ＩＡＡ和Ｚ／ＺＲ水平没有明显影响，但显著提高了穗中ＡＢＡ水平。这些结果暗示，遮光限制了同化物供给，也限制了穗库对同化物的转化和利用；穗库活性的下降可能与ＡＢＡ水平的上升有关。     

Effects of a shading screen on microclimate and crop water requirements

Despite the steadily increasing area under protected agriculture there is a current lack of knowledge about the effects of the 30% black shading screen on microclimate and crop water requirements. Meteorological and lysimeter measurements inside a screenhouse planted with sweet pepper were compared to external reference data. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was calculated from yield records Y and water meter readings I _applied. Shading reduced mean global radiation R _G by more than 40%, and the screen transmissivity τ _screen was shown to vary with solar elevation angle β. Wind speed inside the screenhouse u _in was reduced by more than 50%. Crop water requirements ET _c were 38% lower than estimates for an open field crop, suggesting a significant water saving potential when using screenhouses. However, the screen did not significantly modify maximum temperature T _max and daily vapor pressure deficit. The FAO-Penman–Monteith approach based on meteorological measurements in the screenhouse accurately predicted daily crop evapotranspiration, and was in close agreement with lysimeter measurements. IWUE was relatively high (10.7 kg m⁻³ in 2004 and 13.5 kg m⁻³ in 2005), but additional research is required to quantify the effect of shading on yield as well as to determine the water saving potential of other commonly used screens. Contribution no. 603/06 from the Agricultural Research Organization An erratum to this article can be found at     

遮荫对两种彩叶灌木叶形、叶色的影响

以金叶女贞(Ligustrum×vicaryi)和红花檵木(Lorpetalum chindense var.rubrum)为试验材料,研究不同遮荫处理下两种彩叶灌木叶形、叶色及色素变化。结果表明:随遮荫程度加大,两种灌木的叶面积逐渐缩小,叶形均由长条形向椭圆形变化。不同遮荫处理都对叶色变化有显著影响,金叶女贞由明亮的金黄色变为暗绿色,红花檵木由暗红褐色向红褐色转化,红色变浅;遮荫使两种灌木的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量升高,与遮荫程度呈正相关;随遮阴程度加强,金叶女贞类胡萝卜素含量逐渐下降,红花檵木类胡萝卜素含量逐渐上升;遮荫时间越长,红花檵木的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量越低,但遮荫时间不影响金叶女贞色素含量。遮荫程度可显著降低两种灌木叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,其可溶性糖含量也表现了出差异性,含量均下降。     

遮光处理对容器育柑桔幼苗生长与微环境的影响

以德尔塔（Delta）甜检和中熟娜特（Midknight）甜橙两个品种为材料,探讨不同颜色遮光网、遮光强度与遮光时间对容器育柑桔幼苗生长、水分利用、叶片净CO2代谢速率以及幼苗生长微环境如土壤温度、大气湿度的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,所有遮光处理的幼苗较高,茎干较粗,德尔塔甜橙的试验结果比中熟娜特甜橙明显;遮光5个月比遮光12周的处理效果更明显;不遮光处理利用较多的水分．途光处理间无明显差别;不这光处理的土壤温度在14：00显著高于所有遮光处理;各处理间叶片净CO2代谢速率和大气湿度无差别。     

遮荫对匙叶天南星生长及光合特性的影响

研究了不同遮荫程度对观叶植物匙叶天南星生长的影响及其生理作用机制。结果表明：在７５％和５０％的遮荫条件下,匙叶天南星幼苗叶片叶绿素含量上升,叶片浓绿,植株生长快,叶片较大,叶片数增多;叶片叶绿体结构完整,有较完整的片层结构;植株净光合速率较大,呼吸速率减弱。在广州夏季气候条件下,适度遮荫有利于促进匙叶天南星的生长,提高其观赏品质。     

仁用杏早春遮阴对开花坐果的影响

 白于山山区仁用杏花期、坐果期霜冻频繁, 为了防御霜冻和延迟花期, 早春开花前采用单层、双层遮阳网对其进行遮阴, 与不遮阴相比, 单层、双层遮阳网下的光照强度在晴天分别减少了56.15%和87.37% , 阴天减少了51.33%和72.05%; 地表温度分别降低了3.86℃和5.42℃, 30 cm处土壤温度降低了1.01℃和1.44℃, 空气温度降低了1.5℃和2.4℃; 风速分别减弱了50.00%和66.67%; 空气相对湿度分别提高了15.09%和20.75% , 0～100 cm土层土壤水分含量提高了14.88%和26.95%; 仁用杏开花、萌芽等物候期分别延迟了4 d和5 d, 花期延长1 d和2 d; 坐果率分别为对照的8.95倍和11.25倍。     

Effect of shading treatment on stomatal behavior ofAdenophora lobophylla at different ages

The stomatal behavior ofAdenophora lobophylla of different age structures was studied in July 1995 in greenhouse of the Harbin Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University by means of shading experiment. The effects of different shading treatments on the stomatal physiological character and ecological adaptation ofA. lobophylla of different ages were compared. The results showed that the morphological characters of annualA. lobophylla were more obvious than that of the perennial, but the stomatal density of annual was less than that of perennial. Growth of annualA. lobophylla was more sensitive to the change of environment than that of the perennial. The ecological adaptation of annual was weak, which was one of the main causes of endangered population. Foudation Item: This syudy is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39391500).     

不同遮光胁迫对大豆生长发育进程及形态性状的影响

通过遮光处理,研究不同遮光强度及持续时间对大豆的生育进程和形态性状的影响,结果表明,大豆播种后遮光20%~50%,时间持续到V3期以后,大豆各生育阶段所需生育日数减少,生育期缩短。遮光20%时间持续到V3以后,遮光30%时间持续到R1以后,遮光50%时间持续到R5以后,大豆生育期显著或极显著缩短。同一遮光持续时间,遮光强度的加强会导致R5-R8生育日数增加,使大豆生育期(VE-R8)延长。遮光强度及遮光持续时间对大豆株高、子叶节高度、茎粗和主茎节数影响显著。遮光50%持续到R5期以后,植株形态由直立变成蔓生型。