赤眼蜂寄生行为研究（Ⅳ）—子代数量分配和子代性分配

本文在对赤眼蜂性控行为研究的基础上〔3〕,进一步探讨了不同种赤眼蜂在同一种寄主不同分布以及同一蜂种(松毛虫赤眼蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi)在不同种寄主上的子代数量分配和子代性分配问题。研究结果表明,赤眼蜂具有根据寄主卵体积大小分配及调整其子代数量和子代性别的能力,在不同体积的寄主上具有明显不同的子代数量安排策略和子代性安排策略。在同一种寄主卵上,不同种的赤眼蜂对子代性分配的安排存在着较明显的种间差异.在米蛾卵上,松毛虫赤眼蜂的第一雄卵主要在其第一产卵序产出,稻螟赤眼蜂的第一雄卵主要在其第二产卵序产出,拟澳洲赤眼蜂产第一雄卵的位置比较分散,主要分布在前三卵序。松毛虫赤眼蜂大约每产6粒雌卵而产1粒雄卵;稻螟赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂大约每产5.33和3.37粒雌卵而产1粒雄卵(见表2).寄主卵的体积不同,雌蜂在不同寄主上所分配的子代数量也明显不同。松毛虫赤眼蜂在每粒米蛾卵上只安排1粒蜂卵;在每粒马尾松毛虫卵上平均安排18.64粒蜂卵;在每粒“人造卵”上平均安排33.15粒,在柞蚕卵上平均安排77.43粒蜂卵(见表3)。随着寄主卵体积的增大,雌蜂产第一雄卵的时间后移,在松毛虫卵上,松毛虫赤眼蜂雌蜂在产下第一粒雄卵后,大约以每产16粒雌卵而产1粒雄卵;在柞蚕卵上,大约每隔15粒雌卵产1粒雄卵;在“人造卵”上,产雄卵的间隔大约为9粒雌卵。     

武昌郊区蔬菜害虫(鳞翅目)寄生六索线虫的生物学特性

武昌郊区蔬菜种植地的六索线虫其含胚卵和Ⅱ期幼虫在土壤中全年均可存在,故在害虫发生季节,就有自然感染现象发生的可能;由于受降水量和气温的影响,一年中只出现春、秋两个感染高峰期,在最适条件下,六索线虫一年可完成两个世代;六索线虫的Ⅳ期幼虫、成虫、含胚卵和Ⅲ期幼虫均可越冬,且越冬的含胚卵和Ⅱ期幼虫是春季感染的主要线虫虫源.不合理地使用农药和不适时地更换茬口是影响六索线虫资源保护和利用的主要人为因子;伏秋干旱季节,采用畦间沟灌法抗旱,可提高自然感染率并使六索线虫资源得以充分利用.     

Keratitis due to Histoplasma spp. in a horse

A 5-year-old Holsteiner gelding from Germany was presented 2 months after a whitish discoloration of the left cornea was observed. Cytologic examination revealed intra- and extracellular globular structures, up to 4 micro m in size, consisting of a central spherical deeply basophilic body surrounded by an unstained halo. The structures were morphologically consistent with Histoplasma spp. Infection with Histoplasma organisms is not endemic in Europe. Topical use of fluconazole was successful in eliminating Histoplasma organisms within 10 days of initiation of treatment.     

Need for flagella for complete virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci: genetic analysis with flagella-defective mutants ?fliC and ?fliD in host tobacco plants

The flagellins purified from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci induce a hypersensitive reaction in nonhost tomato cells. To investigate the role of flagella and flagellin in the compatible interaction, we generated two types of flagella-defective mutant. The fliC mutant lost the fliC gene that encodes flagellin protein, whereas the fliD mutant lost the fliD gene that encodes HAP2-capping protein. The two mutants had markedly reduced ability to cause disease symptoms in tobacco leaves. Furthermore, propagation of the mutants in tobacco leaves was less than that in wild-type pv. tabaci. Compared to the inoculation with wild-type pv. tabaci, inoculation with the two mutants did not markedly induce the expression of typical defense response-related genes such as PAL and hsr203J. Complementation of each fliC and fliD gene to the corresponding deficient mutant restored motility and virulence. These results indicate that flagella of P. syringae pv. tabaci are indispensable organelles for complete virulence on host tobacco plants.     

Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sheep with fleece rot in northern and middle Jordan

A total of 162 sheep fleece samples were collected from 2315 sheep clinically examined for evidence of dermatitis. The sheep belonged to 32 flocks raised in northern and middle Jordan. Eighty-three samples showed no obvious abnormalities, whereas the remainder showed exudation (79 samples), fleece discoloration (18) and fleece roughness (40) and abscesses (7). Seventeen Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were obtained from these samples. Antibacterial resistance in vitro was common; resistance to tetracycline, amoxycillin, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole was shown by > 90% of the isolates. Resistance to norfloxacin (29.4% of isolates), ciprofloxacin (17.6%) and amikacin (17.6%) was also demonstrated. Fourteen isolates were serum resistant when assessed after 1-3 h incubation in sheep and calf sera, and their count increased by 2-2.9 and 2.5-3.5 respectively.     

肉鸡嗉囊内容物中乳杆菌鉴定

本文对艾维茵肉仔鸡嗉囊内容物中的乳杆菌进行调查,从16份样品中,共分离到58株乳杆菌,鉴定为12个种,其中植物乳杆菌、唾液乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、双发酵乳杆菌4个种占分离菌株数的66%,确认是肉鸡嗉囊内容物中的优势种群.     

致病杆菌CB43菌株对灰霉病菌的抑制作用

测定了致病杆菌CB43菌株代谢物对灰葡萄病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:CB43代谢物对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,500、250、125ml/L代谢物能完全抑制菌丝的生长,并具有杀死作用。62.5ml/L的发酵液处理灰葡萄病菌菌丝72h的抑制率仍达83.35%。20ml/L的发酵液处理灰葡萄孢菌丝能引起菌丝畸形,异常分支、粗短。CB43代谢物能杀死灰葡萄孢分生孢子或抑制其萌发,500~62.5ml/L的发酵液处理16h后,孢子萌发抑制率达88.1%~97.91%。温室试验表明,CB43代谢物对黄瓜灰霉病的控制效果达84.09%,化学农药40%施佳乐的效果为72.94%。     

The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum and Trichoderma isolates from suppressive soils in South Africa to suppress fusarium wilt of banana in the glasshouse. Several biological control agents and commercial biological control products were included in the study. The isolates were first screened in vitro on potato dextrose agar. In glasshouse evaluations, the fungal and bacterial isolates were established on banana roots before they were replanted in pathogen-infested soil, while the commercial biocontrol agents were applied as directed by the supplier. Banana plantlets were evaluated for disease development after 7 weeks. In vitro tests showed none of the nonpathogenic isolates suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( Foc ), while slight suppression was observed with the two Trichoderma isolates. Results of the glasshouse evaluations revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87·4 and 75·0%, respectively. The known biological control agent Fo47 did not suppress Foc significantly. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 417, known for its ability to suppress other fusarium wilt diseases (WCS 417), reduced disease incidence by 87·4%. These isolates should be further evaluated for potential application in the field, independently and in combination.     

Protection of olive planting stocks against parasitism of root-knot nematodes by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effects were investigated, under controlled conditions, of single and joint inoculation of olive planting stocks cvs Arbequina and Picual with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices , Glomus mosseae or Glomus viscosum , and the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica , on plant performance and nematode infection. Establishment of the fungal symbiosis significantly increased growth of olive plants by 88·9% within a range of 11·9–214·0%, irrespective of olive cultivar, plant age and infection by M. incognita or M. javanica . In plants free from AMF, infection by Meloidogyne spp. significantly reduced the plant main stem diameter by 22·8–38·6%, irrespective of cultivar and plant age. Establishment of AMF in olive plants significantly reduced severity of root galling by 6·3–36·8% as well as reproduction of both Meloidogyne spp. by 11·8–35·7%, indicating a protective effect against parasitism by root-knot nematodes. Infection by the nematodes influenced root colonization by AMF, but the net effect depended on the AMF isolate–olive cultivar combination. It is concluded that prior inoculation of olive plants with AMF may contribute to improving the health status and vigour of cvs Arbequina and Picual planting stocks during nursery propagation.     

Analysis of the gacS-gacA regulatory genes of spontaneous mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain PfG32R

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PfG32R, a potential biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens, frequently loses its antifungal activity and ability to produce enzymes. To characterize genetically the instability of these bacterial functions, we analyzed gacS and gacA genes of PfG32R and three spontaneous mutants of PfG32R (NR1, NR9, and ASW6), which had lost their ability to produce proteases and antifungal activities. The gacS and gacA sequences of PfG32R had 77%–89% and 78%–87% homology, respectively, with several known gacS and gacA homologues. All three spontaneous mutants were subjected to complementation analysis. Introduction of clones containing an intact gacS of PfG32R and another P. fluorescens strain Pf-5 as well as strain tea632 of P. syringae pv. theae complemented all three mutants restoring protease and antifungal activities, indicating a mutation in gacS. In sequencing analysis, the mutants had a deletion or change in amino acids in the conserved sensor kinase domains of GacS. The three mutants maintained both their antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis and siderophore production, indicating that they are not controlled by the GacS/GacA system. The sequences reported in this article have been deposited in the DDBJ database under accession numbers AB219364 and AB219365.