Management regimes for a plant invader differentially impact resident communities

Management of plant invaders causes disturbance and the compounding effects of both invasion and management on biodiversity merit rigorous assessment. We explored the impacts of both plant invasion and management disturbance in coastal dune communities of Australia invaded by the introduced shrub bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata). We compared the effects of intensive, manually based invader control with those of extensive control (mainly herbicide spraying from aircraft) across fore dune communities. We examined one management regime, which was typically intensive, in hind dune communities. Our main aim was to test the prediction that intensive methods would achieve better biodiversity outcomes than extensive approaches in fore dune communities. We found that extensive management created native species complements that diverged from non-invaded sites while intensive management approached non-invaded site conditions. However, intensively managed sites were also richer in other exotic species than extensively managed sites. Thus, while biodiversity outcomes were better under intensive management, the risk profile of such sites was increased by the greater array of exotics that could potentially replace the original invader. The positive effects of management evident on some fore dunes were not found in hind dunes, where managed sites had the highest exotic species richness and similar bitou bush seedling abundance as both non-invaded and bitou-invaded sites. Hind dune managed sites were also compositionally distinct from non-invaded sites. Thus fore and hind dune communities exhibited different responses to bitou management regimes.     

花生种质资源对黄曲霉菌侵染的反应

对来自我国不同生态区的700份花生种质进行抗黄曲霉菌侵染的评价。鉴定结果表明,700份花生种质中,大部分对黄曲霉菌侵染表现高感,低侵染率（50％以下）种质仅12份,其中EF7284的侵染率最低,为28．57％。低侵染率花生种质均来自南方生态区的珍珠豆型材料,本文对低侵染率花生种质的主要植物学,农艺性状及品质性状作了分析评价。     

The invasion of two native Eucalypt forests by Pinus radiata in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

Invasions of Pinus species are a major environmental concern in South Africa and New Zealand where pines are beginning to dominate native grasslands and shrublands. Pines are widely cultivated in Australia with almost a million hectares growing in large plantations. Plantations are commonly bordered by native Eucalypt vegetation resulting in a high potential for invasion and providing an opportunity to study pine invasion processes within forest environments.In order to determine if Pinus radiata equally invades different dry Eucalypt woodland vegetation types, two areas in the upper Blue Mountains in New South Wales, Australia were surveyed. Similar levels of invasion were observed in both Eucalypt forest types. An average pine abundance of 55 individuals for the Eucalyptus oreades and Eucalyptus sieberi vegetation type and 49 individuals for the Eucalyptus mannifera and Eucalyptus dives vegetation type was recorded in 20 m by 20 m plots located 50 m from the plantation boundary. To characterise the spatial distribution of the pines, transects were placed perpendicular to the plantation edge. As expected pine numbers diminished with distance from the plantation, however, large reproductive pine trees were found up to 4 km from the seed source signifying long distance dispersal.Investigation of wildling pine response to fire suggests that it may not always be an appropriate management tool. Fire stimulated seed release from cones and resulted in high recruitment of seedlings around reproductive pines which were large enough to survive the burn. Infrequent fires at intervals greater than time to maturity will lead to increased pine densities and further spread into the native vegetation.     

花生种质资源对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的抗性鉴定

对不同种子成分的花生种质资源对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的抗性进行了鉴定,结果表明,高含油量、高蛋白质含量和高油酸含量资源对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的抗性较差.通过对抗黄曲霉侵染和产毒能力不同的花生种质资源的种子成分的分析表明,高抗黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒资源的亚油酸含量较高.相关分析表明,不同花生品种对黄曲霉菌的侵染抗性与种子大小和油酸含量呈显著负相关,与出仁率和亚油酸含量呈显著正相关;不同花生品种对黄曲霉菌产毒的抗性与含油量呈显著负相关.通过鉴定和筛选,发掘出2份优质抗病资源.     

The activity of albendazole against adult and larval gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands

Summary

The activity of albendazole against gastrointestinal helminths in naturally infected calves in the Netherlands was tested. The calves were in their fist grazing season and kept in two groups of ten. One of these groups was grazed alternately with sheep. Five out of each group were drenched with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg) on the day they were housed (November 1). Before and 2, 14, and 28 days after treatment individual faecal samples were taken from all calves and larval cultures were made. Ten calves, six treated and four untreated, were killed for post mortem studies 14 days after treatment The remaining calves were slaughtered 14 days later.

The drug was highly effective in reducing the egg output, measured as the number of larvae cultured per gram of faeces. Compared with the untreated calves, the reduction was more than 99% two days after treatment, 100% at 14 days, and 99% after 28 days. It was shown that egg output 28 days after treatment came from worms which had developed from arrested larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi that had survived treatment. Post mortem results showed an efficacy of 100% against adult O. ostertagi, of almost 100% against Trichostrongylus axei, and 100% against adult and larval Cooperia oncophora.

Twenty‐eight days after treatment, the reduction of arrested early fourth stages of O. ostertagi was 85% in comparison with the untreated calves. Apparently less effect was found against Trichuris ovis at the given dose rate.     

舟山市加拿大一枝黄花的入侵现状及防治对策探讨

综述了加拿大一枝黄花的形态特征及其在浙江省舟山市的分布状况、危害发生原因及防治对策。     

应用相似离度法预测红火蚁在中国适生区域及其入侵概率

 【目的】依据气候相似理论,采用相似离度法预测红火蚁在中国的适生区域及其入侵概率。【方法】收集红火蚁在世界范围的分布数据和国内外气候站点的气候数据,建立红火蚁原产地和严重发生地气候站点集合,采用相似离度法找到与气候站点集合最相似的地区。在气候因素影响下,相似程度相对百分比认为是红火蚁入侵中国政区和气候区的概率值,并且建立了预警级别。【结果】预测结果表明,香港、澳门、广东、广西的入侵概率均大于80%,处于红色警报区;安徽、江苏、上海、江西、浙江、福建、台湾、贵州、云南、海南的入侵概率在50%～80%,处于橙色警报区,其它地区均处于黄色警戒区和绿色小风险区。【结论】红、橙警报区需要采取适当的防控措施,川渝地区和云南东南部的气候与原产地气候较为相似,尽管目前尚未发现有红火蚁入侵,但由于红火蚁对气候具有很强的适应性,因此也应该采取相应的预防措施。此外,相似离度法尽管多用于气象研究领域,但在预测外来物种分布范围时也起到了良好的辅助效果。     

甘薯茎线虫主要侵入途径分析

[目的]明确甘薯茎线虫造成甘薯严重减产的机制。[方法]通过室内及田间试验分析了茎线虫侵入甘薯的主要途径。[结果]苗期茎线虫主要从薯苗基部伤口侵入。在地下部无伤口条件下,薯苗1 g组织内茎线虫数量仅为9.2头,显著低于对照处理的165.2头。薯块表皮对抵御茎线虫侵入具有重要作用,且不同品种薯块表皮对茎线虫的侵入抗性水平不同。田间试验结果表明,压茎处理组薯拐及薯块病情指数均显著低于埋茎处理组。与传统的埋茎处理组相比,通过压茎法种植的薯苗由于地下部没有伤口存在,平均10株薯苗产量增加56.1%,结薯数增加115.8%。[结论]封闭薯苗基部伤口是防治茎线虫病的关键。     

我国林地外来有害植物发生现状及化学防除技术

当前国内外来有害植物,特别是杂草,造成的林业生产损失日益严重。本文概述了主要外来杂草的危害现状和入侵机制。在杂草治理的实践中,化学防除技术十分有效,并提出了杂草化学防除的技术措施。     

不同生长环境下黄顶菊浸提液对多年生黑麦草萌发与生长的影响

为阐明黄顶菊入侵机制,本文在调查不同生境下黄顶菊居群特征的基础上,进一步采用植株浸提液生物测试的方法研究了不同生境、生长密度及替代植被下黄顶菊对多年生黑麦草的化感潜力。结果表明:黄顶菊的化感作用强弱与其入侵能力存在一定相关性,黄顶菊浸提液的化感潜力随浓度升高而增强;不同植株组织浸提液的化感潜力存在显著差异,表现为地下部分明显低于地上部分;不同生境下黄顶菊浸提液的化感潜力顺序为水边>果园>路边,50 g.L 1茎叶浸提液对多年生黑麦草发芽率化感效应敏感指数分别为2.83(水边)、1.31(果园)和0.71(路边);不同密度黄顶菊的茎叶化感潜力顺序为高、中密度区显著大于低密度区,50g.L 1浓度浸提液对多年生黑麦草发芽率化感效应敏感指数分别为3.91(高密度)、4.89(中密度)和0.29(低密度);根部浸提液的化感潜力顺序则相反。不同替代植被下茎叶浸提液的化感效应为混种>单种,而根系浸提液的化感效应敏感指数则差别不大。因此,黄顶菊不同组织器官化感活性物质分配不同,同时其化感效力能够适应环境条件而发生变化,这可能是造成黄顶菊在不同环境中入侵效果差异的原因之一。