4种熏蒸剂处理对土壤可溶性有机氮和微生物量碳氮的影响

采用室内恒温通气培养法,以北京大棚蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,以未使用熏蒸剂土壤为对照,研究4种熏蒸剂[氯化苦(Pic)、1,3-二氯丙烯(1,3-D)、二甲基二硫(DMDS)和威百亩(MS)]对土壤可溶性氮素和微生物量碳、氮的影响。结果表明,4种熏蒸剂处理均能增加土壤中可溶性有机氮的含量,熏蒸处理后敞气0 d时,Pic、MS、DMDS和1,3-D处理的土壤可溶性有机氮累积量分别为47.55 mg·kg-1、42.15 mg·kg-1、40.34 mg·kg-1和32.02 mg·kg-1,较对照(29.97 mg·kg-1)分别增加58.67%、40.65%、34.61%和6.87%。敞气后14~84 d,Pic、DMDS和MS处理DON含量仍持续上升,1,3-D和对照变化不大,各处理之间DON含量差异显著。4种熏蒸剂处理后短时间内,土壤中可溶性氨基酸(DAA)与对照相比大幅上升,在熏蒸后7 d达到最大值,其中Pic处理的上升幅度最大,为12.87 mg·kg-1,对照DAA含量最低,为5.74 mg·kg-1。4种熏蒸剂处理之后,土壤中微生物量碳和氮均呈现急剧下降的趋势,其中Pic处理对微生物的杀灭作用最强,敞气后0 d,Pic处理的微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量分别比对照下降69.39%和70.95%,MS和DMDS次之,1,3-D的杀灭作用最弱。     

陕西兴平白皮蒜挥发油化学成分的分析

以陕西兴平白皮蒜为试材,采用水蒸气蒸馏—乙醚萃取法提取挥发油,用气相色谱/质谱法分析了大蒜挥发油的化学成分。共分离得到33个组分,鉴定出26个化学组分,占挥发油总量的99.39 %。兴平白皮蒜挥发油中的化学成分以含硫化合物为主,共有18个,占挥发油总量的98.80%。兴平白皮蒜挥发油主要成分为：大蒜新素(二烯丙基三硫化物,43.85%）,大蒜素（二烯丙基二硫化物,35.28%）和甲基烯丙基三硫化物（11.10%）。     

二甲基二硫的生物活性评价及对土壤养分的影响

采用室内生物活性测定方法,评价二甲基二硫(dimethyl disulfide,DMDS)对土壤病原线虫和土传病原菌的毒力,比较不同浓度药剂处理对土壤理化性质和土壤呼吸的影响,为探究DMDS作为新型土壤熏蒸剂提供切实可行性的依据。结果表明:DMDS熏蒸对土传病原线虫和镰刀菌属的LD_(50)分别为4.743 mg/kg和1.513 mg/kg,可见DMDS对病原线虫和镰刀菌有良好的生物活性。对土壤理化性质进行数据分析发现:DMDS能显著增加土壤铵态氮含量,抑制硝化作用过程,减少NO~-_3-N的产生,提高植物可吸收态氮素水平。DMDS处理的土壤有机质含量和电导率均显著高于对照土壤,而土壤pH和速效钾含量较对照均有降低。此外,熏蒸土壤中有效磷含量较对照减少,但两者无显著差异。对DMDS熏蒸后土壤进行底物诱导呼吸试验,表明DMDS能够在试验初期抑制土壤微生物生物量。本试验结果可为指导DMDS的科学使用提供理论依据及对土壤微生物活性的影响作出科学评价。     

Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on endotoxin -induced fever in rabbits

AIM:To investigate the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on endotoxin -induced fever in rabbits. METHODS:Test substances were administered intravenously into a marginal ear vein. Temperature responses were measured using rectal thermistor probes. RESULTS:Endotoxin (0.4 μg/kg) stimulated a biphasic rise in colonic temperature. Pretreatment with dimethyl sulfoxide significantly attenuated the biphasic febrile response to endotoxin (0.4 μg/kg) of conscious rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. Rabbits treated with dimethyl sulfoxide 10 min after injection of endotoxin developed fever, which was significantly milder compared with rabbits treated with an equal volume of normal saline. No significant differences were found between thermal response index of rabbits injected with dimethyl sulfoxide and those with normal saline. CONCLUSION:Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibit endotoxin-induced fever in rabbits.     

二甲基—1,6—辛二烯的环化水合反应研究

３，７－二甲基－１，６－辛二烯（１）在固体酸（分子筛，离子膜和离子交换树脂）作用下与甲酸发生环化水合反应，生成１－（３，３－二甲基环己基）乙醇甲酸酯（４ａ）和３，７，７－三甲基环庚醇甲酸酯（５ａ）的混合物，经皂化反应得到相应的醇（４ｂ和５ｂ）。５，７－二甲基－１，６－辛二烯（２）在同样条件下发生类似的反应，生成３，３，５－三甲基环庚醇甲酸酯（６ａ）经皂化生成３，３，５－三甲基环庚醇（６ｂ）。     

Dimethyl disulfide is an induced systemic resistance elicitor produced by Bacillus cereus C1L

BACKGROUND: Bacillus cereus C1L is a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium and can elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants against necrotrophic pathogens. However, little is known about ISR elicitors produced by B. cereus C1L, and no ISR elicitor has been identified and characterised. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify volatile ISR elicitor(s) produced by B. cereus C1L. RESULTS: The volatile metabolites produced by B. cereus C1L were extracted, separated and identified by solid‐phase microextraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) was the only separated metabolite being determined. Afterwards, application of DMDS by means of soil drench significantly protected tobacco and corn plants against Botrytis cinerea and Cochliobolus heterostrophus, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. The results reveal that DMDS could play an important role in ISR by B. cereus C1L. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of DMDS as an elicitor produced by an ISR‐eliciting B. cereus strain and its ability to suppress plant fungal diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that DMDS has potential for practical use in controlling plant foliar diseases besides soil fumigation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

两种熏蒸剂对土传病害的防控效果及黄瓜产量的影响

在北京顺义黄瓜大棚中采用注射法施用二甲基二硫、混土法施用棉隆,对土壤进行熏蒸处理,施药后土壤表面覆盖完全不透膜,比较二甲基二硫与棉隆对黄瓜主要土传病害的防治情况及对黄瓜生长和产量的影响。结果表明,两种熏蒸剂对黄瓜根结线虫(Meloidogynespp.)、疫霉菌(Phytophthora spp.)和镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.)均有较好的防效,二甲基二硫40g·m~()-2)处理时对3种病原物的防效分别为84.29%、75.99%、79.94%,棉隆30.0g·m~()-2)处理的防效分别为80.30%、92.36%、92.27%,而且二甲基二硫、棉隆处理与空白对照相比,黄瓜净收入分别增加66%~85%和65%~71%。     

磁吸滚筒式排种器种箱振动供种仿真与试验

基于颗粒离散元法,以番茄磁粉包衣种子为对象,采用Hertz-Mindlin接触模型,建立了种子和排种器仿真分析模型,研究了种箱振动频率、振幅对种群运动规律及种箱供种性能的影响。仿真结果表明,在振动频率40 Hz、振幅0.50 mm和0.75 mm时,种群堆积高度稳定,可以达到稳定供种。为了验证仿真模型的可靠性,采用高速摄像拍摄了在种箱振动频率为40 Hz、振幅为0.75 mm条件下的供种情况,种子实际供种情况与仿真结果吻合。以种箱振动频率、振幅为试验因素,在磁吸滚筒式排种器上进行排种性能试验,得出种箱在振动频率40 Hz,振幅为0.50 mm和0.75 mm时,单粒率达92%,漏播率低于3%;在振动频率20 Hz和60 Hz时,不同振幅下的单粒率均小于80%。     

DMC/柴油混合燃料共轨柴油机燃烧循环变动研究

研究了不同条件下DMC/柴油混合燃料共轨发动机的燃烧循环变动,以及COHR和EGR率对燃烧循环变动的影响。结果表明:共轨发动机燃用不同燃料时的燃烧循环变动率都较小;D10燃料燃烧的循环变动率大于纯柴油;发动机大负荷时的循环变动率相对较小;随着COHR的增加,以pmi为表征参数的循环变动系数变化不明显;以pmax为表征参数的循环变动系数略有增大,而以θd为表征参数的循环变动系数明显增长;D10燃料的循环变动系数随EGR率的增加呈缓慢增长,柴油则相对平稳;高的平均指示压力对应着短的火焰发展期。     

Alpha-芋螺毒素TxID合成方法的优化

在常规两步氧化法合成的基础上,对芋螺毒素TxID第2对二硫键形成的条件进行了优化。优化条件包括有无氮气保护、氧化试剂中碘的浓度、三氟乙酸(TFA)含量、氧化时间等多个参数,研究其对TxID氧化折叠的影响。结果表明,氮气保护有利于TxID的氧化折叠,碘浓度需5~10倍于巯基浓度,TFA含量对氧化折叠影响不明显,氧化时间约5 min为宜。