Efficacy of Chlorhexidine against Some Strains of Cultured and Clinically Isolated Microorganisms

The efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate was determined against some strains of collected and clinically isolated bacteria and fungi. The efficacy was evaluated either by calculating a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or by efficacy trials according to the guidelines of the European Committee for Standardization. The MIC values of chlorhexidine for Staphylococcus aureus, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were 0.625 g/ml, 12.5 g/ml, 50 g/ml and 6.25 g/ml, respectively. The in vitro efficacy of chlorhexidine was higher against ATCC strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (0.5 mg/ml for 5 min and 0.5 mg/ml for 10 min, respectively) than against clinical isolates (0.5 mg/ml for 15 min and 1 mg/ml for 10 min, respectively). The antiseptic activity of aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine against spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillis sfericus and Clostridium perfringens required longer contact times than against the vegetative forms. Nevertheless, 5 mg/ml of chlorhexidine in water–ethanol 20:80 v/v was totally effective against the vegetative forms or spores of these microorganisms.     

驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内纤维物质降解的影响

选取3只体况良好,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羊与小尾寒羊的杂交一代公羊,运用尼龙袋法研究全部驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内稻草纤维物质降解的影响.结果表明：全部驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌后,改变了瘤胃内纤维物质的降解动力学参数,显著降低了瘤胃内稻草DM、NDF、ADF的降解速率（P＜0.05）,显著提高了三者的消化延滞时间（P＜0.05）,显著降低了稻草NDF、ADF的降解率,而DM的降解率有所降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）.说明瘤胃真菌在纤维物质降解中发挥了重要的作用.     

鸡舍真菌气溶胶潜在危害的定量评估

本文采用6级Andersen生物空气采样器和常用真菌计数培养基,在鸡舍入口处收集气溶胶真菌,经培养和纯化鉴定出78种真菌,其中包括黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉及镰刀菌等在内的50余种真菌。研究表明鸡舍入口处空气真菌污染程度与鸡舍内没有显著差异。早晨气溶胶真菌浓度明显低于中午(P=0.07)和晚间(P=0.05)的浓度,且夏秋季节浓度相对较高,峰值在7月份。鸡舍内气溶胶真菌的年平均浓度为2.3×103 CFU/m3。黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉在鸡舍空气中的浓度相对较高,分别超过真菌气溶胶组成平均浓度77.7 CFU/m3、63CFU/m35、7.1 CFU/m3,而镰刀菌是常见的空气真菌,其总平均浓度为74.6 CFU/m3,比平均值高出45.3 CFU/m3。平均CMD值分别为3.1μm;GSD分别为2.1。每分钟可沉积到支气管和直接侵入肺泡的活性真菌量分别是居室的3.4倍和3.3倍。本研究探讨了真菌气溶胶不同时间和季节的变化规律,并从其组成、浓度及粒子大小定量评估采样点鸡舍真菌气溶胶的危害,为有效控制禽类真菌病的流行提供科学依据和预警资料。     

Seedborne fungi detected on stored solanaceous berry seeds and their biological activities

We isolated 629 fungi from 1296 berry seeds of solanaceous plants, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), and red pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) preserved for long and short terms. The isolates were classified into 22 genera excluding unidentified fungi, and the fungal floras were divided into two types: the tomato–eggplant and pepper groups. The results of cluster analysis with unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average also supported these groups. Most tomato seeds infested with Geotrichum candidum germinated and grew the same as uninfested seeds. Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Arthrinium sp. isolated from eggplant seeds strongly suppressed germination, and Penicillium variabile suppressed seminal root elongation on eggplant. Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Myrothecium verrucaria detected from red pepper or bell pepper seeds were pathogenic to the fruits and the seedlings after artificial inoculation.     

Responses of field grown tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization under varying intensities of drought stress

The effects of root colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith on growth, flower and fruit production, and fruit quality were studied in field-grown tomato plants exposed to varying intensities of drought stress. Inoculated (M+) and non-inoculated (M−) tomato seedlings were exposed to varying intensities of drought stress by adjusting irrigation intervals. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher uptake of N and P in both roots and shoots regardless of intensities of drought stress. AM inoculation also significantly increased shoot dry matter and the number of flowers and fruits. The fruit yields of M+ plants under severe, moderate, mild drought-stressed conditions were higher than M− plants by 24.7%, 23.1%, 16.2% and 12.3%, respectively. Furthermore, M+ plants produced tomato fruits that contain significantly higher quantities of ascorbic acid and total soluble solids (TSS) than M− plants. Mycorrhizal effects increased with increasing intensity of drought. The overall results suggest that mycorrhizal colonization affects host plant nutritional status, water stratus and growth under field conditions and thereby alters reproductive behaviour, fruit production and quality of fruits under both well-watered and drought-stressed conditions.     

营养添加剂对枯草芽孢杆菌G3 str在土壤中繁殖及其抑菌物质分泌能力的影响

从生防菌G3菌株筛选到的抗链霉素自然突变株G3^str,保持G3原有的抑菌活性,产伊枯草菌素和生物表面活性素,能抑制多种植物病原真菌.25℃下,营养添加剂对G3^str菌在不灭菌土壤中前5d有一定的增殖作用;10d后G3^str菌在土壤中主要以芽孢的形态存活;60d后,G3^str菌在土壤中仍以106cfu/g水平存活.G3^str菌在土壤中增殖时分泌少量的伊枯草菌素,但被快速分解;同时分泌较多的生物表面活性素,营养添加剂的加入明显促进其分泌.     

旱生条件下柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌生态学研究

通过从分布于山西、陕西和内蒙古三省区12个样地中的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)根围采集土样和根样,系统研究了柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌种类组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离鉴定出的12种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,而摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)是优势菌种. AM真菌能与柠条锦鸡儿形成良好的共生结构,AM真菌平均总定殖率59.98%,平均孢子密度为830.59个/100 g土.不同采样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.孢子密度与菌丝和总定殖率呈显著正相关;孢子密度与土壤速效N呈极显著正相关,丛枝定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,总定殖率和菌丝定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著正相关.     

香根草根际AM菌的感染特性

通过对不同种植时间、不同种植基质的香根草Vetiveria zizanioides分株苗、组培苗根际丛枝菌根(AM菌)感染检测,探讨了香根草对AM菌的感染特性.结果表明,在消过毒的森林泥炭土中,组培苗种植12个月感染率只有20.0%,感染强度低;种植22个月只有53.3%,感染强度为中.分株苗种植在自然土壤中,3个月就有AM菌感染,其感染率为56.7%;种植22个月感染率达到最高峰,为80.0%,感染强度为中等;种植时间为33个月时,感染率不再增加,但感染强度进一步增高.说明香根草根际AM菌的感染率和感染强度可能与苗源无关,而与种植基质密切相关.     

毛乌素沙地3种豆科植物根际AM 真菌生态分布研究

通过对毛乌素沙地草木樨(Melilotus suaveolens)、胡枝子(Leapedeza bicolor)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)等3种豆科植物根际土壤样品和根样的采集和分析,研究了3种植物根际AM真菌的群落组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离出的3属28种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)种类占绝对优势;3种豆科植物都有较高的AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度,但不同种之间或同一种植物在不同样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.AM真菌泡囊定殖率和总定殖率与土壤速效N有显著负相关,其定殖强度可能主要取决于宿主植物和AM真菌的相互选择性.     

细辛挥发油抗植物病原真菌活性初步研究

从天然产物包括植物中开发新的高效低毒环境友好型杀虫杀菌剂，是农药领域重要的研究内容。细辛（Asarum）为马兜铃科（Aristolochiaceae）草本植物，是我国特有的传统中药，中医用于治疗风寒头痛、痰饮咳喘、关节疼痛、鼻塞、牙痛、胃炎以及口腔糜烂等。有文献报道，细辛提取物对黄曲霉（Aspergillus sp．）、黑曲霉（Aspergillusr sp．）、人类致病菌白色念珠菌（Candida sp．）、伤寒杆菌（Salmonella sp．）有抑菌作用；对人参黑斑病菌（Alternaria panax）、人参根疫病菌（Phytophthora cactorum）、腐皮镰孢（Fusarium solani）和番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）等植物病原菌具有较好的抗菌效果。有关细辛抗菌机制的研究尚未见报道。本文选择9属16种植物病原真菌进行生物测定，探讨细辛挥发油抗菌的广谱性，并以Alternaria humicola为研究对象，对其抗菌机理进行初步研究，以便为开发新型植物杀菌剂提供理论依据。