大气O3浓度升高对麦田土壤重金属铜生物有效性和生理毒性的影响

在开放式空气O3浓度增加(FACE)平台下,采用盆栽试验.初步研究了O3浓度升高后麦田重金属Cu的生物有效性变化以及对各生长阶段小麦叶片生理毒性的影响.结果表明,在FACE条件下,小麦地上部对cu的吸收相比于正常大气对应组有增加的现象;与正常大气对应组相比,FACE条件下土壤中有效态cu的含量也有所增加;随着小麦的生长发育,FACE圈小麦叶片内的MDA含量总体呈上升趋势,O3升高铜污染组的小麦叶片内MDA的含量最高;与正常大气对照组相比,O3升高铜污染组的小麦叶片SOD酶和POD酶比较敏感,在分蘖期其活性受到诱导,但随着暴露时间的增加,抗氧化系统的各个酶的活性逐渐受到抑制.O3加剧了Cu对小麦的生理胁迫,增加了Cu的生物有效性.     

BTH-mediated antioxidant system responses in apple leaf tissues

BTH (S-methylbenzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole-7-carbothiate), an active compound of the commercial preparation Bion, has been studied as an elicitor of resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in apple. However, the biochemical mechanisms of its action are not fully elucidated. Our study indicated that BTH at the best time of its protection activity (2–14 days after application) induced changes in prooxidant–antioxidant balance in the leaves of apple trees, but in different ways in the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Glutathione as low molecular antioxidant as well as superoxide anion radical and lipid peroxides as oxidants exhibited changes at the early phase of BTH action. Glutathione-dependent enzymes were strongly affected by the elicitor used. On the 2nd day glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities increased by about 70% and 30% above the control, respectively. GST activity normalized about the 14th day but GSH-Px at the same time showed 27% of the control value. Among enzymes utilising hydrogen peroxide only catalase showed increase (37%) at the early phase of experiment. Compared with the control, BTH-treated plants did not show changes in ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities. Tocopherol (TOC) level diminished starting from the 7th day after BTH treatment and on the 14th day it was only 28% of the control. It is proposed that extinguishing of BTH-mediated signal resulted from TOC and glutathione action. The diminished ascorbate level at all examined times may play a crucial role in BTH-mediated cell growth regulation. The direct influence of BTH on lipid metabolism should be also taken into consideration.     

谷胱甘肽对切花月季‘Samantha’失水胁迫耐性的影响

采用外源谷胱甘肽（GSH）及其生物合成关键酶γ–谷氨酰半胱氨肽合成酶（γ-ECS）的专一抑制剂丁胱亚磺酰胺（BSO）分别处理切花月季‘Samantha’花枝基部,以提高或降低花瓣中的GSH含量,研究GSH对月季切花失水胁迫耐性的影响,以及花瓣中抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环对失水胁迫的响应。结果表明：提高花瓣中GSH的含量,明显提高了失水胁迫24 h后切花的复水率,延长了瓶插寿命;相反,BSO预处理降低了花瓣中的GSH含量,从而降低了切花的失水胁迫耐性。GSH预处理在明显提高失水胁迫和复水期间花瓣中GSH总含量和还原型GSH含量的同时也提高了抗坏血酸（AsA）的含量;AsA-GSH循环中两个关键酶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性也明显高于胁迫对照,并且MDA的含量明显降低。BSO预处理则产生相反的效果。这些结果表明,GSH能够通过提高AsA-GSH循环的抗氧化能力来增强月季切花的失水胁迫耐性。     

利用抗坏血酸揭示小粒黑豆对胞囊线虫抗性的研究

以抗感大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的小粒黑豆(ZDD1412)和辽豆10为试材,温室盆栽条件下人工接种大豆胞囊线虫,以未接种作对照,接种后7、14、21、28和35 d取样,测定大豆根内抗坏血酸含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的动态变化以及不同浓度抗坏血酸对大豆胞囊线虫胞囊孵化和二龄幼虫抑制率的影响.结果表明:抗病品...     

陆地棉抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因家族全基因组生物信息学分析

【目的】抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)是过氧化物酶家族中的1类成员,可以清除活性氧。APX家族的生物信息学分析有助于更好地了解该家族基因。【方法】利用生物信息学方法,从中国农业科学院棉花研究所提供的陆地棉序列中鉴定出14条APX基因家族序列,并对这14个成员的染色体定位、亚细胞定位、进化关系、理化性质、信号肽、保守基序以及其编码蛋白的结构特征进行了预测分析,并初步分析了部分基因的表达。【结果】APX基因分布广泛,分散在不同的染色体上;且大部分APX蛋白定位在细胞质,是亲水性脂溶蛋白;有3个保守基序,保守性较强;基因起源和进化比较复杂;二级结构的主要元件为α-螺旋和无规则卷曲。根据表达分析推测,第1亚组和第2亚组的基因在棉纤维发育的不同时期起作用。【结论】这些结果有望为APX家族成员的结构与功能挖掘提供参考。     

Overexpression of a Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase Gene,OsAPX2, Increases Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Alfalfa

Alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） is an important forage crop in the world and it is of great signiifcance for the improvement of its salt tolerance. To improve salt tolerance in alfalfa, a rice ascorbate peroxidase gene （OsAPX2） was introduced into alfalfa using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with marker gene bar. The different T-DNA insertions in T1 transgenic alfalfa were identiifed by Southern hybridization. Three independent T2 transgenic lines were selected for stress analysis and the results showed that all of them were salt tolerant compared with wild-type plants. The transgenic plants had low levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity under salt and drought stresses. Moreover, the contents of chlorophyll and proline, and APX activity were high in transgenic plants under salt and drought stresses. Taken together, the overexpression of OsAPX2 enhances salt tolerance in alfalfa through scavenging reactive oxygen species.     

Photosynthetic characteristics and protective mechanisms against photooxidation during high temperature stress in two citrus species

Exposure of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) plants to high temperature (38 °C) led to reductions of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the photorespiration rate (Pr), the quantum efficiency CO₂ assimilation (ΦCO₂${\Phi }_{\text{C}{\text{O}}_2}$), the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm), the photochemical quenching (qP) and the quantum efficiency of PS2 photochemistry (Φ_PS2), whereas the minimal fluorescence yield (Fo) and the non-photochemical quenching (qN) increased. Increase in the value of Pr/Pn and ΦPS₂/ΦCO₂${\Phi }_{\text{PS}2}/{\Phi }_{\text{C}{\text{O}}_2}$ was attributed to the greater decrease in Pn and ΦCO₂${\Phi }_{\text{C}{\text{O}}_2}$ than Pr and Φ_PS2. In addition, the superoxide radical (O₂⁻) production, the H₂O₂ concentration and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as the superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), the ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), the dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) and the catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) were raised. On the other hand, the chlorophyll concentration in leaves decreased during high temperature stress. These results suggest that decline in Pn related to inactivation of PS2 reaction centers may be due to the enhanced number of active oxygen species in the citrus leaves. The water–water cycle may play a role in limiting the degree of photodamage caused by high temperature. Lower O₂⁻ production rate, the H₂O₂ concentration and the antioxidant enzymes activity were observed in high temperature tolerant species of citrus. The exogenous active oxygen scavenger ascorbic acid (Asc) enhanced the ability to clear the O₂⁻ in citrus plants, and quicken the recovery of photosynthetic apparatus.     

树莓果实维生素C积累与其合成氧化酶的关系

对4个品种的树莓(Rubus idaeus)果实生长过程中还原型维生素C(AsA)、氧化型维生素C(DHA)及总维生素C舍量进行了分析,并对L-半乳糖酸-1,4-内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)3种酶的活性进行了测定分析.结果显示,AsA和总维生素C含量随着果实的成熟而逐渐上升.4个品种中GalLDH活性与AsA积累之间均呈显著正相关.AAO和APX活性与AsA含量相关性不显著,而APX活性与DHA含量呈显著正相关.说明不同树莓品种间维生素C含量存在差异的原因与其GalLDH及APX活性有关.     

Differential response of rice seedlings to salt stress in relation to antioxidant enzyme activity and membrane stability index

Three rice genotypes, IR 74802, IR 73104 and IR 72593, along with FL 478 and IR 29 as resistant and susceptible controls, respectively, were subjected to 21 days' salinity stress at the seedling stage in modified yoshida solution with two salt levels (60 and 120 mM NaCl). The results indicated that there was a profound increase in proline and ascorbic acid levels, and in the activity of nitrate reductase and antioxidant enzymes, i.e. catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as malondialdhyde and membrane stability index, which were associated with salt tolerance. Salt stress had a significant and drastic effect on all parameters when the salinity level increased to 120 mM NaCl. The increased enzyme activity was directly related to an increased membrane stability index, as in IR 72593, which is identified as the most tolerant among the genotypes tested. It is clearly confirmed that predicting tolerance at the early seedling stage is the best way to assess the salinity tolerance level by utilizing physiological parameters, especially antioxidant enzyme activities which are found to be closely associated with salinity tolerance. Physiological adaptation of the plant to NaCl salt stress resulted in enhanced activity of stress-related enzymes and low sodium uptake in tolerant genotypes.