Heterotrophic nitrification by sodium chloride-tolerant fungi in soils added with sodium chloride

Abstract

Recently, fungi with the ability of heterotrophic nitrification have been isolated from acid forest soils (Lang and Jagnow 1986; Stroo et al. 1986). It is suggested that under unsuitable conditions for autotrophic nitrification, heterotrophic processes for NO₂ ^- and NO_{3 -} production could be advantageous.     

树干注射锰肥对新疆灰枣生长和品质的影响

锰是果树生长发育过程中不可缺少的一种重要微量元素。为了解锰在枣生长发育过程中所起的作用,本实验采用树干注射的方式在灰枣的萌芽期,花期和膨大期增施锰肥,并对树体的生长和品质指标进行了测定。结果显示:枣在不同生长期增施锰肥对枣树生长的影响都以2.0 g/tree 表现最好,其中干径增长量、基径增长量、枣吊增长量、单果重和产量分别比对照增长了26%、33%、19%、38%和19%。对营养品质的测定中,2.0 g/株的处理枣果铁、锰、锌和钙的含量分别是对照的47%、20%、22%和13%,糖酸比为57.36。各施肥处理对灰枣生长和品质的增加均有促进作用。综上所述,在灰枣的生长期配合施用锰肥,能有效促进枣树的生长和产量和枣果营养品质的提高。     

Uptake,Transport, and Concentration of Chloride and Sodium in Three Citrus Rootstock Seedlings

ABSTRACT

Aspects of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) toxicity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were investigated following growth with different N sources [nitrate (NO₃ ^?), NH₄ ⁺, or NH₄NO₃] supplied in concentrations of 1, 5, 10, or 15 mM. Plant dry weights and root: shoot ratios were lower with NH₄ ⁺-fed plants than with NO₃ ^?-fed plants. Ammonium accumulated strongly in leaves, stem, and roots when the concentration in the growth medium exceeded 1 mM. The increase in tissue NH₄ ⁺ coincided with saturation of glutamine synthetase activity and accumulation of glutamine and arginine. Low tissue levels of calcium and magnesium in the NH₄ ⁺-fed plants constituted part of the NH₄ ⁺-toxicity syndrome. Additions of small amounts of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^? -grown cucumber plants markedly increased the growth.     

Effect of Danhong injection on respiratory inhibition induced by hypoxia

AIM：To investigate the effect of Danhong injection on respiratory inhibition induced by hypoxia and its related mechanism. METHODS：The electromyogram of the diaphragm was monitored to observe the respiratory responses of the rats to hypoxia. The expression of acid-sensingion channel 1a (ASIC1a) in the brainstem after hypoxia was detected by the technique of immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS：The respiratory responses of the rats to hypoxia were initiatory excitation and consequent inhibition. In contrast to pre-hypoxia, the respiration of the rats in hypoxia group was inhibited 30 min after hypoxia (P<0.05), but the respiration of the rats in hypoxia plus Danhong group was still excited (P<0.05), indicating that the respiration of the rats in hypoxia plus Danhong group was not yet depressed at the same time. The ASIC1a positive neurons were detected in the nuclei of trapezoid body and solitary tract. Compared with control group, the expression of ASIC1a was obviously enhanced after hypoxia. In contrast to hypoxia group, the expression of ASIC1a in the rats in hypoxia plus Danhong group was remarkably reduced (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：Danhong injection resists the occurrence of respiratory inhibition after hypoxia, and ASIC1a may participate in this process.     

硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性研究

为了研究硫酸头孢喹肟注射液在猪体内的药代动力学及生物等效性,将10头健康猪随机分成两组,按2 mg/kg体重肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中硫酸头孢喹肟的浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性.肌肉注射两种硫酸头孢喹肟注射液后两组的消除半衰期(T1/2β)、达峰浓度(Cmax)、曲线下面积(AUC)等参数差异不显著(P＞0.05).采用双单侧t检验进行判断,受试组AUC 90％置信区间为108.2％ ～ 115.3％,在对照组均值的80％～120％范围内;Cmax90％置信区间为91.9％～115.3％,在对照组均值的70％ ～130％范围内.两种产品在猪体内具有生物等效性和类似的药代动力学,为临床给药方案的制定和临床合理用药提供了参考.     

口服亚硒酸钠在肉鸡体内药代动力学的研究

实验研究了30日龄肉鸡单次口服（0．6mg／kg）亚硒酸钠注射液后不同时间采血,用流动注射氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定血硒浓度,经微机处理得出血硒浓度及药动学参数,血硒浓度一时间曲线符合一级吸收一室开放模型,最佳药时方程：C-100．2001（e-9·0197t—e-6428‘）。主要药动学参数：（1／2Ka为0．4219h,t1／2Ke为35．1215h,t。为3．3124h,Cmax为93．9865tLg／L,AUC为5025．3149％g／L）·h。根据单剂量给药参数,计算出多剂量给药参数。     

亚硫酸盐预处理对蔗渣酶水解效率的影响

采用中性亚硫酸盐对蔗渣进行预处理,研究了脱木素率对蔗渣中纤维素酶水解效率的影响．结果表明,脱木素率越高,纤维素酶水解的转化率也越高;较优的脱木素率为45％,其对应的葡萄糖回收率约为80％．糖化后葡萄糖的回收率与脱木素率和预处理后固体基质得率的对应变化趋势均呈Boltzmann函数关系．达到相同葡萄糖回收率时,初始亚硫酸钠用量越大,预处理液中残余硫化物的浓度也越高．     

碳纳米管改性的蜡基复合粘结剂

通过熔融共混将功能化的碳纳米管引入到蜡基粘结剂中,得到碳纳米管改性的复合粘结剂.扫描电镜（SEM）显微照片显示,功能化的碳纳米管能均匀分散在粘结剂基体中.偏光显微照片和热性能分析结果表明,碳纳米管的加入能有效地提高粘结剂的结晶度和热稳定性,进而改善生坯在脱脂时的保形性.碳纳米管与粘结剂的非共价键结合有助于碳纳米管的均匀分散,更可能有利于复合材料成型后的脱脂.     

Acceptance by stoats (Mustela erminea) of 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in small-volume baits and its effect on behaviour and time to death

AIMS: To assess whether stoats (Mustela erminea) would eat small baits containing 0.1% sodium monofluoroacetate (1080); whether they would die from it; how long it would take to kill them; and to document the behaviour of 1080-intoxicated stoats.

METHODS: Stoats were offered 1-g baits of two semi-fluid formulations containing 0.1% 1080, presented in open dishes, and their subsequent behaviour was monitored by video and direct observation. Muscle samples from stoats that died were analysed for 1080 residues.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two types of bait with regard to acceptance, mortality, and time to death, and behavioural effects were similar; consequently, results from the two types of bait were combined. Twelve of 14 stoats offered the baits ate them voluntarily, and a 13th licked bait off its fur; all 13 died between 1 h 15 min and 4 h 7 min (mean 2 h 38 min) later. At first (range 29 min — 2 h 7 min, mean 1 h 1 min), their behaviour appeared to be normal. Ataxia and hyperactivity were the first behavioural signs of poisoning, and lasted 2 min — 1 h 40 min (mean 26 min). This was followed by recumbency with convulsions and rapid breathing (range 16 min to 2 h, mean 58 min), then recumbency with limited activity and progressively shallow breathing prior to death (range 1–51 min, mean 33 min). Stoats became non-responsive to a light being turned on, or to touch once recumbency became sustained.

Residues of 1080 were found in muscle tissue of all 13 dead stoats, at concentrations ranging from 0.075 μg/g in a 287-g male that died 4 h 7 min after eating only 0.74 g of bait, to 2.5 μg/g in a 254-g female that died 2 h 42 min after taking a whole 1-g bait.

CONCLUSION: Stoats will voluntarily take small (1-g) baits containing a lethal dose of 1080 at 0.1%, and die from it comparatively rapidly for a mammalian carnivore.     

Persistent efficacy and production benefits following use of extended-release injectable eprinomectin in grazing beef cattle under field conditions

Seven studies were conducted in commercial grazing operations to confirm anthelmintic efficacy, assess acceptability, and measure the productivity response of cattle to treatment with eprinomectin in an extended-release injectable formulation (ERI) when exposed to nematode infected pastures for 120 days. The studies were conducted under one protocol in the USA in seven locations (Arkansas, Idaho, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, and Wisconsin). Each study had 67–68 naturally infected animals for a total of 475 (226 female, 249 male castrate) Angus or beef-cross cattle. The animals weighed 133–335 kg prior to treatment and were approximately 3–12 months of age. The studies were conducted under a randomized block design based on pre-treatment body weights to sequentially form 17 replicates of four animals each within sex in each study. Animals within a replicate were randomly assigned to treatments, one to Eprinomectin ERI vehicle (control) and three to Eprinomectin ERI (5%, w/v eprinomectin). Treatments were administered at 1 mL/50 kg body weight once subcutaneously anterior to the shoulder. All animals in each study grazed one pasture throughout the observation period of 120 days. Cattle were weighed and fecal samples collected pre-treatment and on 28, 56, 84, and 120 days after treatment for fecal egg and lungworm larval counts. Positive fecal samples generally were cultured en masse to determine the nematode genera attributable to the gastrointestinal helminth infection. Bunostomum, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, and Trichostrongylus, when present, were referred to as strongylids. At all post-treatment sampling intervals, Eprinomectin ERI-treated cattle had significantly (P < 0.05) lower strongylid egg counts than vehicle-treated controls, with ≥95% reduction after 120 days of grazing. Over this same period, Eprinomectin ERI-treated cattle gained more weight (43.9 lb/head) than vehicle-treated controls in all studies. This weight gain advantage was significant (P < 0.05) in six of the studies with the Eprinomectin ERI-treated cattle gaining an average of 42.8% and the control cattle gaining 33.1% of their initial weight. No adverse reactions were observed in the treated animals.