山西梨枣落果原因分析及预防措施

论述了引种栽培山西梨枣时果实脱落的原因,提出了防止落果的技术措施。     

Bilateral antler sequestration above the coronet in a red deer (Cervus elaphus) stag—Insights into the process of antler casting

This paper reports a case of delayed velvet shedding and bilateral premature antler casting above the coronets in a young adult red deer stag from Germany. Based on the established role of testosterone in the control of the antler cycle, the antler abnormality is considered to have been the result of a (temporary) androgen deficiency. The basal surfaces (separation planes or seals) of the cast antlers were markedly concave. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the separation plane was densely covered with Howship's lacunae, denoting intense osteoclastic activity along the border between the proximal (living) and distal (dead) antler portions. Our observations and those of previous studies indicate that antler casting does not occur at a pre-determined separation plane, but along the border between living and dead bone, regardless of the position of this border within the cranial appendages. This is a major difference to autotomy of (living) appendages at fixed breakage planes, as it occurs for instance in lizard tails.     

Estimation of infectious dose and viral shedding rates for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., post‐smolts

Infectious dose and shedding rates are important parameters to estimate in order to understand the transmission of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Bath challenge of Atlantic salmon post‐smolts was selected as the route of experimental infection as this mimics a major natural route of exposure to IPNV infection. Doses ranging from 10² to 10^?4 50% end‐point tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀) mL^?1 sea water were used to estimate the minimum infectious dose for a Scottish isolate of IPNV. The minimum dose required to induce infection in Atlantic salmon post‐smolts was <10^?1 TCID₅₀ mL^?1 by bath immersion (4 h at 10 °C). The peak shedding rate for IPNV following intraperitoneal challenge using post‐smolts was estimated to be 6.8 × 10³ TCID₅₀ h^?1 kg^?1 and occurred 11 days post‐challenge. This information may be incorporated into mathematical models to increase the understanding of the dispersal of IPNV from marine salmon sites.     

断梗激励下葡萄果粒的振动脱落特性与试验

针对夹剪式鲜食葡萄采摘中的断梗振动激励引起的果粒脱落问题,对断梗激励下鲜食葡萄的振动脱落特性与动态响应进行研究。首先建立葡萄果实-分梗动力学模型,推导果实脱落的理论角速度,分析果实-果梗摆动脱落的临界分离条件。然后利用ABAQUS软件分析单颗粒葡萄在断梗激振下的动态响应与摆动趋势,探索在无挤压状态下果实形变过程,从而预测串型葡萄在断梗激励下的实际振动响应。最后对串型葡萄的简化模型进行振动有限元分析,获得葡萄果实在脱落前瞬间相对于果梗结合处的位移、速度、加速度和应力应变等数据,从而确定葡萄的临界振动脱落参数组合。通过仿真试验和采摘振动试验验证模型的准确性。结果表明：在断梗激励下,葡萄果实出现不确定的各向异性扭转摆动;对整串葡萄进行0～25 Hz的扫频分析可知受振果实的临界脱落频率约为4 Hz;受振果实摆动幅度为49.88 mm,速度峰值0.92 mm/s,加速度峰值39.08 mm/s2时开始脱落;同一激励下,虽然各个果实位置不同,但它们振动特性变化趋势相同。该研究可为防脱落采摘机构参数设计提供理论依据。     

Serological patterns,antibody half-life and shedding in urine of Leptospira spp. in naturally exposed sheep

Abstract

AIMS: To determine within-farm prevalence, longitudinal pattern of exposure measured by serology, antibody titre longevity and point prevalence of shedding in urine of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona in naturally infected sheep on a sample of commercial farms in New Zealand.

METHODS: On eight commercial sheep farms, between September 2011 and January 2014, blood samples were collected from 115–217 ewe lambs on each farm, at intervals of 2–11 months. They were analysed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies to L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, using a titre cut-point of 48. Urine from 98 animals was tested by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The half-life of antibodies was estimated in 185 sheep for serovar Hardjo and 21 for Pomona, and the seroprevalence and mean titre of animals lost to follow-up was compared with those remaining in the study.

RESULTS: Within-flock seroprevalence for serovar Hardjo reached a maximum at 17–22 months of age, ranging from 79 to 100%. Seroprevalence for serovar Pomona rose above 10% on three farms and increased to 21–54% by 4–14 months. Seroconversions occurred mainly from late autumn to early summer at 7–15 months of age. Seroprevalences ranging from 3 to 76% for serovar Hardjo and 0.5 to 15% for serovar Pomona were observed up to 3 months of age, likely due to maternally derived immunity. The half-life of antibody in response to infection was estimated to be 6.7 (95% CI=5.8–7.9) months for serovar Hardjo and 6.3 (95% CI=4.8–9.0) months for Pomona. The prevalence of sheep with urine positive for leptospires on qPCR on each farm ranged from 11 to 88%. All but one of the qPCR-positive animals were seropositive for serovar Hardjo. On two farms where Pomona exposure was observed, animals that were lost to follow-up had a higher geometric mean titre for serovar Pomona than those remaining in the study.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated seasonal exposure from autumn to early summer in young sheep, a wide range of within-flock serological and shedding prevalence, and gives an estimation of the half-life of MAT titres in sheep. More extensive data are needed to fully understand the epidemiology of leptospirosis in sheep flocks across New Zealand and, along with economic analysis, to justify and design cost-effective and efficient control measures to protect human and animal health.     

Detection and Management of an Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection and Associated Neurological Disease in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Background: Because of the serious disease sequelae associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infections, awareness and control measures used to control outbreaks are important issues for all horse populations. Objectives: Describe the occurrence and management of an outbreak of EHV‐1 infection at a veterinary hospital. Animals: Horses hospitalized at a referral veterinary hospital. Methods: A horse with myeloencephalopathy associated with EHV‐1 infection (EHM) was admitted for diagnostic evaluation and treatment under strict infection control procedures. We describe the occurrence and management of a nosocomial outbreak of EHV‐1 infections associated with admission of this patient. Results: Despite institution of rigorous biosecurity precautions at the time of admission of the index case, EHV‐1 infections spread to 6 other horses that were hospitalized at the James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hopsital, including 2 that served as sources of infection for horses on their home premises after discharge. Infection with EHV‐1 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by seroconversion documented by glycoprotein G ELISA. A voluntary quarantine was imposed and admissions were restricted to prevent additional horses from being exposed. Quarantine duration was abbreviated by serial testing of all horses with PCR. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These findings illustrate the contagious disease risk that can accompany management of horses with EHM. Horses with active nasal EHV‐1 shedding should be isolated in an airspace that is separate from other horses by strictly enforced biosecurity and isolation procedures. Serial testing with PCR may be a useful adjunct to determine when the risk of transmission has been minimized.     

库尔勒香梨花器官不同部位内源激素含量的差异分析

为了探讨库尔勒香梨果萼脱落与内源激素含量之间的关系,从而为人工干预库尔勒香梨内源激素的分布,提高其脱萼率而提供理论参考依据,以库尔勒香梨花、鸭梨花为试验材料,采用酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)测定了库尔勒香梨脱萼花、宿萼花和鸭梨花器官不同部位(花柱、子房上部、子房下部)中IAA、ZR、GA_3及ABA的含量,并对其进行了差异显著性分析。结果表明:第4花序位的脱萼率最高,第1花序位的宿萼率最高。子房中的IAA、ZR及GA_3含量过高均会导致库尔勒香梨果萼宿存,子房下部IAA及ZR的含量过高对果萼宿存均有显著的影响;花柱中ABA的积累增多会导致果萼宿存;子房中ABA的含量高有利于果萼脱落。库尔勒香梨不同序位花器官中IAA、ZR、GA_3和ABA的含量分布均不同,且其均在花期即参与果萼脱落的调控,库尔勒香梨脱、宿萼花的IAA、ZR、GA_3和ABA含量分布间均存在显著性差异。     

基于DCMFBM模型的轴流泵叶顶区云状空化脱落预测

为了深入研究轴流泵叶顶区云状空化非定常脱落过程,应用二次开发技术将基于密度修正的RNG k-ε湍流模型的滤波器模型(Density correction method filter based model,DCMFBM))嵌入商业软件ANSYS CFX中进行数值模拟,并将模拟的结果与高速摄影试验作对比。数值模拟结果表明,DCMFBM模型能够成功地预测叶顶区云状空化尾缘空穴的周期性脱落过程,与试验值吻合较好。随着叶片的转动,脱落的空穴向相邻叶片的压力面运动,运动过程中的破裂消失不仅影响了相邻叶片压力面载荷分布,同时会影响自身叶片吸力面载荷分布;由于轮毂与叶片的相互作用,形成了从轮毂到轮缘的径向射流,径向射流在运动到靠近叶顶区时,会冲击叶顶区空穴表面,造成叶顶区空穴的脱落,同时径向射流最终被叶顶泄漏涡吸收。     

Influence of On‐farm pig Salmonella status on Salmonella Shedding at Slaughter

The risk of Salmonella shedding among pigs at slaughter with regard to their previous on‐farm Salmonella status was assessed in a group of pigs from a farm from NE of Spain. A total of 202 pigs that had been serologically monitored monthly during the fattening period and from which mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and faecal (SFEC) samples were collected at slaughter for Salmonella isolation were included. A repeated‐measures anova was used to assess the relationship between mean OD% values during the fattening period and sampling time and bacteriology on MLN and SFEC. Pigs were also grouped into four groups, that is pigs seronegative during the fattening period and Salmonella negative in MLN (group A; n = 69); pigs seronegative during the fattening period but Salmonella positive in MLN (B; n = 36); pigs seropositive at least once and Salmonella positive in MLN (C; n = 50); and pigs seropositive at least once but Salmonella negative in (D; n = 47). Pigs shedding at slaughter seroconverted much earlier and showed much higher mean OD% values than non‐shedders pigs. The proportion of Salmonella shedders in groups A and D was high and similar (26.1% and 29.8%, respectively), but significantly lower than that for groups B and C. The odds of shedding Salmonella for groups B and C were 4.8 (95% CI = 1.5–15.5) and 20.9 (3.7–118) times higher, respectively, when compared to A. It was concluded that a large proportion of Salmonella seronegative pigs may shed Salmonella at slaughter, which would be likely associated to previous exposure with contaminated environments (i.e. transport and lairage). For pigs already infected at farm, the likelihood of shedding Salmonella was much higher and may depend on whether the bacterium has colonized the MLN or not. The odds of shedding Salmonella spp. were always much higher for pigs in which Salmonella was isolated from MLN.     

How potassium deficiency alters flower bud retention on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Potassium (K) is fundamental for plant growth and development but despite the increased quantities of fertilizers applied, incidents of K deficiency are commonly observed. The objective of this study was to record the effects of K deficiency during cotton’s (Gossypium hirsutum L.) early reproductive stage on carbohydrate content and metabolism, total antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage of cotton flower buds as well as the physiology of the leaf, subtending to the flower buds. Growth chamber experiments were conducted using cotton cultivar DP0912 and treatments consisted of normal K and deficient K fertilization for the duration of the experiment. Potassium deficiency resulted in significant oxidative damage in the cotton flower buds, despite the substantial increase in their total antioxidant capacity. Sucrose metabolism of the flower buds was markedly affected resulting in significant reductions in all non-structural carbohydrate concentrations. Furthermore, K deficiency disturbed leaf physiology leading to increased membrane damage, decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid content and ultimately leaf photosynthetic rates. Concomitant increases in specific leaf weight under K deficient conditions indicated reductions in photoassimilate translocation, which in conjunction with the disruptions observed in flower bud sucrose metabolism, due to the insufficient antioxidant response, resulted in significant decreases in flower bud retention.