基于万维网大数据的农药场地土壤污染快速预测方法研究

及时高效预测和筛查潜在农药污染场地对环境污染风险管控具有重要意义。基于万维网公开的46个农药场地样本数据,利用五分制层次分析法建立农药场地土壤污染快速预测指标体系,包括产品特征、局部气候条件、土壤属性和场地生产特征4个因素及其相应的产品毒性、持久性、气温、降水、风速、光照、土壤质地、土壤pH、有机质含量、生产时间和闲置时间11个特征指标。其中,农药场地生产时间、产品毒性及其持久性指标五分制分级后与农药场地土壤污染均存在显著线性相关性,三个指标不同组合对场地土壤污染的线性综合预测精度小于65%,而基于11个指标的机器学习方法综合预测精度为82%,但存在污染场地严重漏判问题。以综合评价指数值P≥0.6作为农药场地土壤污染的预测阈值,五分制层次分析法综合预测精度达到91%,优于线性预测以及机器学习方法,具有关键数据需求少、预测快速高效特点,体现 “宁严勿漏”的预测原则,可用于各类型农药场地的土壤污染筛查。     

标记辅助导入中不同背景选择方法的比较

模拟比较了随机选择、标记值选择及BLUP选择3种背景选择方法在标记辅助导入(利用标记辅助将供体群中的一个有利QTL等位基因导入到受体群中)的选择效果。前景选择是借助与目标基因连锁的两侧标记对目标基因进行间接选择。研究结果表明,在背景选择中,利用标记值选择能使受体基因组很快得到恢复,2个世代的回交就能恢复90%以上,4个世代的回交就能完全恢复。利用BLUP选择虽然不能使受体基因组迅速全部恢复,但能使特定的背景性状得到最大的遗传进展。     

Sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous xylazine and tramadol on horses

This study was performed to evaluate the sedative and analgesic effects of xylazine (X) and tramadol (T) intravenously (IV) administered to horses. Six thoroughbred saddle horses each received X (1.0 mg/kg), T (2.0 mg/kg), and a combination of XT (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively) IV. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), indirect arterial pressure (IAP), capillary refill time (CRT), sedation, and analgesia (using electrical stimulation and pinprick) were measured before and after drug administration. HR and RR significantly decreased from basal values with X and XT treatments, and significantly increased with T treatment (p < 0.05). RT and IAP also significantly increased with T treatment (p < 0.05). CRT did not change significantly with any treatments. The onset of sedation and analgesia were approximately 5 min after both X and XT treatments; however, the XT combination produced a longer duration of sedation and analgesia than X alone. Two horses in the XT treatment group displayed excited transient behavior within 5 min of drug administration. The results suggest that the XT combination is useful for sedation and analgesia in horses. However, careful monitoring for excited behavior shortly after administration is recommended.     

A study to evaluate buprenorphine at 40 μg kg(-1) compared to 20 μg kg(-1) as a post-operative analgesic in the dog

ObjectiveComparison of the analgesic effect of buprenorphine at 20 or 40 μg kg^?1.Study designAn investigator ‘blinded’, randomised study.AnimalsTwenty six dogs presented for ovariohysterectomy.MethodsDogs were premedicated intramuscularly with acepromazine 0.03 mg kg^?1 and buprenorphine at either 20 (B20, n = 12) or 40 μg kg^?1 (B40, n= 14) followed by anaesthetic induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. During anaesthesia non invasive blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, inspired and expired volatile agent, end-tidal carbon dioxide and ECG were recorded. Pain and sedation were assessed using interactive VAS scores; mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured at the wound and hindlimb - all were assessed before and up to 22 hours after administration. Carprofen was used for rescue analgesia.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups for any of the parameters examined. Rescue analgesia was required around 5 hours after administration of buprenorphine in a significant number of animals. Sedation was good preoperatively and scores decreased over time postoperatively. Hock thresholds did not change over time; wound thresholds decreased significantly compared to the baseline value from 3 hours onwards.ConclusionsAdministration of buprenorphine at either 20 or 40 μg kg^?1 IM with acepromazine provided good pre-operative sedation. Cardiovascular and respiratory values remained within clinically acceptable limits during anaesthesia. There was no evidence that increasing dose increased adverse events that may be associated with opioid administration (e.g. bradycardia and respiratory depression).Clinical relevanceIncreasing the dose of buprenorphine from 20 to 40 μg kg^?1 did not provide any benefits with respect to analgesia after ovariohysterectomy as assessed using the VAS scoring system.     

A quick and efficient screen for resistance to iron toxicity in lowland rice

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a major stress to rice in many lowland environments worldwide. Due to excessive uptake of Fe²⁺ by the roots and its acropetal translocation into the leaves, toxic oxygen radicals may form and damage cell structural components, thus impairing physiological processes. The typical visual symptom is the “bronzing” of the rice leaves, leading to substantial yield losses, particularly when toxicity occurs during early vegetative growth stages. The problem is best addressed through genotype improvement, i.e., tolerant cultivars. However, the time of occurrence and the severity of symptoms and yield responses vary widely among soil types, years, seasons, and genotypes. Cultivars resistant in one system may fail when transferred to another. Better targeting of varietal improvement requires selection tools improving our understanding of the resistance mechanisms and strategies of rice in the presence of excess iron. A phytotron study was conducted to develop a screen for seedling resistance to Fe toxicity based on individual plants subjected to varying levels of Fe (0–3000 mg L^–1 Fe supplied as Fe(II)SO₄), stress duration (1–5 d of exposure), vapor‐pressure deficit (VPD; 1.1 and 1.8 kPa), and seedling age (14 and 28 d). Genotypes were evaluated based on leaf‐bronzing score and tissue Fe concentrations. A clear segregation of the genotypic tolerance spectrum was obtained when scoring 28 d old seedlings after 3 d of exposure to 2000 mg L^–1 Fe in a high‐VPD environment. In most cases, leaf‐bronzing scores were highly correlated with tissue Fe concentration (visual differentiation in includer and excluder types). The combination of these two parameters also identified genotypes tolerating high levels of Fe in the tissue while showing only few leaf symptoms (tolerant includers). The screen allows selecting genotypes with low leaf‐bronzing score as resistant to Fe toxicity, and additional analyses of the tissue Fe concentration of those can identify the general adaptation strategy to be utilized in breeding programs.     

巧用EXCEL完成试卷成绩分析

在教学过程中 ,教师对学生的试卷成绩分析要花费很多的时间和精力 ,因为首先要登录学生姓名 ,填入每个学生的成绩 ,然后对学生的成绩进行各种统计 ,如查找出最高分、最低分、各分数段的频度等 ,可以说试卷成绩分析是一个很繁锁的过程。这时可借助OFFICE办公软件的EXCEL强大的电子表格及数据文字处理功能来完成试卷分析 ,使得教师的试卷分析工作变得轻松和简单。     

学籍微机管理系统的研制

本系统根据学生学籍管理的目标和任务,利用FOXBASE 2.1数据库管理系统编制而成。该系统具有对数据的录入和维护(修改、删除及追加)、统计与查询、打印输出等功能;对学生基本情况、在校成绩、综合测评、升留级情况及毕业、肄业等项目进行统计管理。     

学生考试分数的几种分析方法

对学生考试分数的分析方法有图形分析法、项目分析法和整体分析法。图形分析法是通过作考试分数的频率分布图来完成；项目分析法则是针对试题和试卷的难度而言；整体分析法是在建立数学模型的基础上，从信度和效度两方面加以测量，一般要求信度在0．9以上，效度在0．8以上。     

Measurement of articular cartilage stiffness of the femoropatellar, tarsocrural, and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses and comparison with biochemical data

OBJECTIVE: To determine normal cartilage stiffness values in different weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing areas of 3 different equine joints, and to evaluate the relationship between cartilage stiffness and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content. STUDY DESIGN: Compressive stiffness of the articular cartilage was measured in 8 horse cadaver femoropatellar (FP), tarsocrural (TC), and metatarsophalangeal (MT) joints. Gross evaluation, collagen content, GAG content, and histologic appearance were assessed for each measurement location. ANIMALS: Eight equine cadavers (4 intact females, 4 castrated males; 7 Quarter Horse or Quarter Horse type, 1 Arabian; aged 4-12 years, weighing 400-550 kg). METHODS: The articular surfaces of 8 equine cadaver FP, TC, and MT joints were grossly evaluated for signs of articular cartilage pathology. Stiffness at preselected sites (FP joint-6 sites; TC joint-3 sites; MT joint-4 sites) was determined using an arthroscopic indentation instrument. Biochemical composition (collagen, GAG content) and histologic evaluation (modified Mankin score) were assessed for each measurement site. RESULTS: All cartilage from all sites evaluated was determined to be normal based on macroscopic and histologic assessments. No significant correlation between Mankin scores and cartilage stiffness values was observed. Site differences in cartilage stiffness were measured in all 3 joints (P<.001). GAG or collagen content had a significant positive correlation with stiffness values in 6 of 13 sites (P<.05, r>0.622, r2>0.387). CONCLUSION: Relative cartilage stiffness values measured in healthy equine joints are site dependent and can be measured using an indentation device intended for arthroscopic application. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An indentation instrument provided an objective means of determining relative compressive stiffness of articular cartilage. Further research needs to be performed to confirm the site and joint differences observed in this study in clinically normal horses and to determine if the tester can be used clinically to predict articular cartilage pathology.     

Comparison of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic scalpel-assisted laparoscopy compared with median celiotomy and ligation in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy by harmonic scalpel-assisted laparoscopy (HALO) and traditional ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, blinded, prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Sixteen, purpose-bred, intact female, Beagle dogs. METHODS: Dogs were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (8 dogs), which had OVH by HALO, and Group 2 (8 dogs), which had traditional OVH. Physiologic data, abdominal nociceptive threshold scores, and University of Melbourne pain scores (UMPS) were recorded at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Blood samples for measurement of plasma cortisol, glucose, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations were collected at the time of the incision, and 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. RESULTS: No significant surgical complications occurred. The HALO mean surgical time was significantly longer (55.7 minutes) than traditional OVH (31.7 minutes). No significant differences were observed between groups for the pain measures of heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, CPK, and glucose concentrations. The OVH group had significantly higher mean plasma cortisol levels at hour 2 after surgery than the HALO group (P=.0001). The mean UMPS were significantly higher in OVH than the HALO group at all postoperative times (P=.0001). The mean nociceptive threshold measurements revealed significantly higher tolerated palpation pressures in HALO than OVH at all postoperative times, except hour 72 (P=.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Dogs appeared to be in less pain with HALO than OVH. The harmonic scalpel coagulated ovarian and uterine vessels completely with minimal collateral damage to surrounding tissues. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: HALO is a safe alternative to OVH and offers a minimally invasive and less painful method of surgery.