四川退耕还林区竹类病虫害的控制途径

在四川退耕还林区，由于竹类结构单一，加之管理不美，普遍存在“重栽培，轻保护”的认识，尽管全省竹林面积发展迅速，而竹类病虫害也随之呈蔓延之势，在某些地区已成为制约其发展的重要因素，笔者在研究四川省竹类病虫害发生及危害特点的基础上，对其成因进行了分析，探索了竹类病虫害的控制途径。提出在竹类病虫防治策略上可分为预防和防治两部分，预防是主体，是防治的前提，防治是预防的继续，防、治、兼备；在病虫防治布局上，逐步实行竹苗检疫化、品种抗性化和测报系统化，达到有效地控制竹类病虫灾害的目的。     

深圳市特区内古树病虫害的调查与防治

通过对深圳特区内古树进行复查，了解和掌握了古树常见的枝干病虫害、根部病虫害、枝叶病虫害的发生情况、危害程度，并提出具体的防治方法。     

贵州米槁的栽培与病虫害防治技术

米槁是贵州省名贵中药材之一，其应用广泛，功效奇特。米槁资源市场紧俏，人工栽培市场前景看好。详细叙述其良种采集、苗木繁殖、植苗造林、果实的采收与加工等人工栽培技术。介绍了5种病害和2种虫害的防治技术。提出加强基础研究，扩大种苗繁殖，实行开发与保护相结合等扩大米槁资源的对策措施。     

杨树重要病害生物防治初探

自然界各种微生物生活在一起,成为复杂的群落。它们相互促进、制约,构成生物体的生态平衡。在森林病害防治中,利用益菌控制病菌的生存和活动,达到生物防治的目的。为了寻求这一新途径,在1982—1984年,对4种杨树重要病害进行了生物防治探索,从筛选和防病上作了研究。     

鞭角华扁叶蜂预蛹呼吸代谢的特点

用 Warburg呼吸器测定了鞭角华扁叶蜂滞育预蛹的呼吸代谢 (μL(Ο2 )· mg-1· h-1)。结果表明 ,预蛹呼吸代谢速率呈 U -型曲线变化。预蛹呼吸代谢的特征是 :代谢速率显著降低 ;底线延续很长时间 ,且在这一时期 ,代谢速率与温度无关。预蛹的呼吸商为 0 .76 ,说明滞育期间脂类是主要的代谢底物。由于预蛹滞育前后在形态上无明显的区别 ,呼吸代谢速率可作为判断滞育或滞育解除的生理指标     

云南油橄榄病虫害调查与综合治理研究

对云南省油橄榄病虫害进行调查和研究,概述了油橄榄病虫害的种类及危害情况,提出了油橄榄抗病虫品种、预测预防措施及主要病虫害症状和综合治理措施.     

Temporal development of crown condition of beech and oak as a response variable for integrated evaluations

The evaluation uses the longest available time series for beech and oak defoliation in Germany. The data from Hesse, starting from 1984, show a typical pattern: for the first 12 years, a continuous increase in defoliation was observed ranging from an average value of 14% in 1984 to a peak value of 30%. This was followed by a subsequent decrease in the loss of foliage accompanied by a high variability, until the last monitoring in 2003, where an average value of 25% defoliation was observed. For both tree species, the years of trend reversal were identical. The same pattern was observed in the German federal states: Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Bavaria. The year of trend reversal was identical in Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate. In North Rhine-Westphalia, it occurred 1 year earlier and in Bavaria 3 years earlier. Whereas defoliation trends were clearly demonstrated, tree mortality did not appear on a large scale. The sample trees were grouped into four discrete clusters according to their annual defoliation values from 1984 to 2003. In 1996, the clusters represent 15, 25, 35, and 50% defoliation values. Regarding beech in Hesse, there was no overlap in the defoliation curves observed among the different clusters. These four clusters having different degrees of defoliation over the whole time span of 20 years were used for a further detailed statistical analysis. For discrete variables like crown spacing and—in the case of beech—fruit bearing, mosaic plots were applied in order to visualize relations of low dimensional contingency tables, with defoliation trends being used as the response variable. The data show for beech a very clear relation between defoliation and age, relative crown spacing, stand composition, and fruit bearing. Regarding oak, besides age and relative crown spacing, the years with significant appearance of biotic stress factors—leaf eating insects—show a clear relation to trends of defoliation. The statistical model used in this study—logistic regression—allows applying a multinomial response variable and a number of continuous or categorical explanatory variables. With this approach, an iterative optimized selection of effect variables was used to test the relevance of different variables on the defoliation pattern of the same four clusters mentioned above. For this, the variables were grouped in an iterative process with five steps, starting with a few basic variables of tree and site information, and ending with a total of more than 20 variables in the fifth step. The process selects first the variables which are of significance on the defoliation, and calculates the possible errors in the grouping of the different trees to the four clusters. In this analysis of beech, the basic tree and stand variables: age, relative crown spacing, stand composition and fruit bearing proved to be the most relevant group of parameters, with the other variables explaining the variation of defoliation only to a minor extent. More complex model levels do not change any basic selected variables; however, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), C/N-ratio, Al- and Ca-proportion of CEC are additionally selected and give a hint of the relevance of soil conditions. Regarding beech, the errors of the statistical model are lower compared to oak.     

Species and control of insect pests and major diseases of Torreya grandis merrillii

From January 2001 to December 2004, the investigation on the species of insect pests and diseases in Torreya grandis Merrillii was conducted and integrated control technologies of the main insect pests and diseases were studied in Zhuji, Shaoxin, Shenzhou, Dongyang, and Jiande counties of Zhejiang Province. Via field survey, a system of regular observations, 55 species of insect pests belonging to 9 orders and 29 families, and 4 species of diseases were recorded. Among them, Lepteucosma torreyae and Macrolygus torreyae were found to be new species. The biological characteristics of the major insect pests and diseases, such as Rhyncaphytoptus abiesis, Helicobasidium compacum, Erwinia carotovora, Chlorella sp., Macrolygus torreyae, and Lepteucosma torreyae, were primarily recorded, and their outbreaks and epidemics were researched. The forecasting method for Lepteucosma torreyae was established. Based on strengthening cultivation and management, integrated control measures were put forward including physical, biologic and chemical methods. Medications with higher effect and lower toxicity were screened by comparing the effect of different pesticide treatments. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2005, 22(5): 545–552 [译自: 浙江林学院学报, 2005, 22(5): 545–552]     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征抗病指示性状的分子标记筛查及检测

为鉴定与猪感染猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)抗病指示性状相关的分子标记,以大白猪×通城猪高代横交群体为研究对象,选用159头健康仔猪进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respirato...     

Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viral Genes Using Microarray Chip

Two viral pathogens, namely, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), were selected as models for multiple pathogen detection in a cDNA microarray. Two signature regions selected from ORF2 (around 500 bp) and ORF5 (around 600 bp) of PRRVS (America serotype), and one signature region from structural genes VP1 (around 500 bp) of FMDV type O were designed and spotted on a nylon membrane. For PCR sensitivity study, the cloned FMDV–VP1 template could be diluted to near one copy and its PCR product was still detectable in gel electrophoresis. In the microarray detection, the labelling FMDV probes (3 mg/ml) could be diluted 320 times and still maintained a visible colour when hybridized with the chip. Using the mixing primers, the microarray chip demonstrated rapid and accurate detection of the specific genes. To our knowledge, this preliminary study is the first example reported applying the long signature sequences to the multiple pathogen detection in cDNA microarray.