发生分类淋溶土与系统分类参比特征研究

利用最新建立的中国 1∶10 0万土壤数据库 ,研究了我国发生分类淋溶土与中国土壤系统分类的参比及其在中国土壤系统分类下的空间分布和数量特征。结果表明 ,我国发生分类淋溶土总面积为10 5 975 7.8km2 ,分布规律明显 ;与系统分类参比 ,发生分类淋溶土分属于中国土壤系统分类 4个土纲 ,即淋溶土、雏形土、新成土和灰土 ,它们分别占发生分类淋溶土总面积的 72 .8%、2 6 .1%、1.0 %、0 .1% ,其中包含系统分类的 2 5个土类和 4 7个亚类 ,参比关系复杂 ,不是简单的一对一的关系。分析发生分类某一类型土壤分属于系统分类不同类型的面积比例及其标准偏差 ,结果表明土壤参比的单元级别越低 ,越易于参比和把握。为了使中国土壤系统分类更实用、更易于普及 ,深入开展土壤基层分类研究 ,进一步发展和完善中国土壤系统分类是必要的 ,也是十分迫切的。研究结果对于土壤类型的正确参比、中国土壤系统分类的应用与发展 ,具有很好的参考应用价值     

气象因子和土壤质地影响下刺槐蒸腾对土壤水分有效性的响应

On the Loess Plateau of China, a dry soil layer may form due to excess transpiration, leading to degradation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) stands. In order to better manage projects involving black locust, this study was intended to investigate the response of black locust transpiration rate to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors using two representative soils(loamy clay and sandy loam) on the Loess Plateau. Four soil water contents were maintained for black locust seedlings grown in pots initially outdoors and then in a climate-controlled chamber, by either drying or irrigating the pots. In both environments, daily transpiration rates were related by a power function to air temperature and by a logistic function to reference evapotranspiration(ET0). Transpiration rates were more susceptible to changes in the meteorological conditions in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. The transpiration rate in the well-watered treatment was greater for black locust grown in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. Normalized transpiration rates were unaffected by ET0 until a critical value of soil water content(θc) was attained; the θc value decreased significantly for the loamy clay soil but increased significantly for the sandy loam soil when ET0 increased. These suggested that the effect of the meteorological condition on the transpiration characteristics of black locust was dependent on soil texture.     

中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系研究

农村无害化卫生厕所改造可以有效地减少农村地区粪-口传播疾病的发病率，保障人民群众身体健康和生活品质。2018年以来，农业农村部会同有关部门积极行动，大力推进农村厕所革命，取得了积极成效。然而，一些地方农村厕所"建不好、用不好、不好用"等情况仍有发生，究其根源，农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准规范缺失是重要原因。农村厕所改造及粪污处理标准体系是科学指导农村改厕和粪污资源化利用、规范行业进步和产业发展的重要手段。该研究从基础、通用、专用标准3个层次，系统梳理了中国农村厕所改造及粪污处理现行国家和行业标准，分析了存在的问题，明确了标准体系构建原则和目标，研究构建了标准体系结构和框架，提出了标准体系重点内容和制修订建议，以期为推动中国农村厕所革命提供支撑。     

太子河流域参考作物腾发量演变特征及气候影响因素分析

采用太子河流域内8个气象站1960～2005年间气象资料，应用Penman-Montieth公式计算了46年间逐月参考作物腾发量(ET₀)，对参考作物腾发量及气象要素的年际变化特征、月际变化特征及趋势进行了分析，应用统计检验方法分析了影响流域参考作物腾发量变化的主要气象因素。结果表明：近46年间太子河流域ET₀值呈现缓慢下降趋势，年内ET₀值分布以5、6月份最高，1月份最低。影响ET₀的主要气候要素按影响程度强弱依次为日照、风速、温度、相对湿度。     

基于极限学习机的参考作物蒸散量预测模型

为实现气象资料缺乏情况下参考作物蒸散量（reference crop evapotranspiration, ET0）高精度预测,以气象因子的不同组合为输入参数,利用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式计算的ET0作为预测标准值建立基于极限学习机（extreme learning machine, ELM）的ET0预测模型。选取川中丘陵区7个气象站点1963－2012年逐日气象资料进行模型训练与测试,并将模拟结果同Hargreaves、Priestley-Taylor、Makkink及Irmark-Allen等4种常用模型进行对比。结果表明：ELM模型能很好地反映气象因子同ET0间复杂的非线性关系,且模拟精度较高;基于最高和最低温度的ELM模型模拟精度（均方根误差和模型效率系数分别为0.504 mm/d和0.827）高于Hargreaves模型（均方根误差和模型有效系数分别为0.692 mm/d和0.741）;基于最高、最低温度和辐射的ELM模型模拟精度（均方根误差和模型有效系数分别为0.291 mm/d和0.938）明显高于Priestley-Taylor（均方根误差和模型有效系数分别为0.467 mm/d和0.823）、Makkink（均方根误差和模型有效系数分别为0.540 mm/d和0.800）和Irmark-Allen模型（均方根误差和模型有效系数分别为0.880 mm/d和0.623）。因此基于最高、最低温度和辐射的ELM模型可以作为气象资料缺乏情况下川中丘陵区ET0计算的推荐模型。该研究可为川中丘陵区气象资料缺乏情境下ET0精确计算提供科学依据。     

Harmonisation, standardisation for soil and sediment fractionation studies, and usefulness in assessment and risk management

Single and sequential extraction procedures are often used to study the environmental fate of trace elements from soils and sediments. Although these schemes are quite popular, they are prone to various sources of errors, which require them to be thoroughly controlled. Owing to their operationally-defined character, the only way to compare analytical data is to stick closely to procedures that have been collaboratively studied and written in the form of an operating protocol. Groups of scientists have hence developed ‘harmonised’ procedures that are used as a reference for fractionation studies. A higher level is the formal standardisation of the procedures by official standardisation bodies, which also fulfils the need for achieving the comparability of data obtained by different laboratories from different countries. This paper discusses aspects of harmonisation (consensus obtained by groups of scientists) and standardisation (adoption of standards as mandated by an international organisation) as applied to single and extraction schemes for trace element fractionation studies, including quality control aspects.     

数字图书馆的发展与启示

介绍了当今美国数字图书馆的建设特色，我国数字图书馆的现状与前景，提出美国数字图书馆的建设对我国正在建设的数字图书馆工程起着十分重要的借鉴意义。     

论新环境下咨询馆员的素养

本文以孔子界定有斐君子的标准为依据，详细阐述了新环境下咨询馆员应具备的知识素养、道德素养、交际素养和仪表素养。     

论图书馆虚拟参考咨询源建设

从虚拟参考咨询源与传统参考咨询源的不同出发，通过对目前国内图书馆的虚拟参考咨询的调研，探讨了虚拟参考咨询源的作用、建设途径及注意问题。     

马尾松丰产经济栽培技术试验初报

试验表明：不同挖穴规格的幼林生长达到概率保证为９５％的统计学上显著与极显著差异水平，以４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ×２５ｃｍ的穴规格为最好。种源差异及主副处理的交互作用由于试验林尚小，未达到统计学上的显著差异水平。