山茶花Camellia japonicalL辐射诱变效应

本试验用~(60)Co γ射线处理山茶花的嫩枝插条,1年生小苗和3—4年生植株,研究其辐射敏感性和诱变规律。结果表明,嫩枝插条的适宜剂量范围为1—3krad,成长植株宜控制在2krad以下。不同品种对射线敏感性不同,所引起的花色、花型突变频率亦不同,其辐度在2.5—12.0％。经3年选育,已获得观赏价值高的突变体。     

60Co-γ射线对菊花组培苗的诱变效应

对菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种秋之山的组培苗, 采用5～30 Gy的60Co-γ射线照射处理。研究了γ射线对组培苗生长、增殖和生根的影响以及对组培再生植株移栽后生长开花的影响。结果表明20 Gy是γ射线处理菊花组培苗的致死剂量；从生根和继代培养生长和增殖的结果看，诱变处理的最佳剂量在10 Gy左右；组培再生植株移栽后发现，10 Gy处理的植株中花色变异率为8.2%。与对照花鲜艳的纯黄色相比，变异花增加了不同深浅的红色素，且突变植株均为同质稳定突变。     

日光温室黄瓜群体结构参数及群体内辐射分布分析

为研究作物群体结构与环境要素的关系，观测了日光温室内黄瓜不同生育时期的群体结构参数和群体内太阳总辐射的水平分布和垂直分布。发现叶面积指数、叶面积密度、叶倾角、叶方位角等结构要素在不同生育时期有明显的变化：随生育的进展，叶面积指数稳定增加，叶面积密度生育前期明显上升、后期有所下降，最大叶面积密度所在高度随黄瓜生长逐渐上移；叶倾角分布主要以水平叶为主；叶方位角以偏南居多，偏北叶所占比例较少；不同黄瓜品种间叶方位角和叶倾角也存在差异。这些变化与差异对黄瓜群体的辐射分布有重要影响，也直接影响群体叶的光合速率，此结果可为建立黄瓜群体辐射分布模型进一步优化日光温室结构，建立日光温室内作物生长模型、环境调节控制策略等提供理论依据，另外，对植株的调控技术(如整枝打杈技术等)也有一定的参考意义。     

The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

秦岭火地塘林区油松林辐射平衡特征研究

测定和分析了2005年8-10月份、2006年4-7月份秦岭火地塘林区油松林太阳辐射的变化,并通过归类对晴天、阴天辐射平衡分量以及反射率、净辐射率、有效辐射率的日变化特征进行分析。结果表明:油松林日平均总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射和有效辐射分别为14.83、9.13、1.29、5.83M J.m-2;晴天,总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射日变化呈单峰曲线变化,阴天呈多峰曲线;油松林林冠有效辐射始终为正值;不同天气条件下反射率、有效辐射率呈“U”形变化;净辐射率变化趋势为白天高,早晨、傍晚低,晴天净辐射率为63.58%～65.08%,阴天净辐射率为56.36%～71.60%。     

Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光合作用影响:Ⅰ对光合色素与希尔反应活性的影响

用水培法研究Ce(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B,280￣320nm)胁迫下油菜幼苗光合色素含量与希尔反应活性变化对光合作用的影响。静态数据表明,20mg·L-1CeCl3能有效减缓紫外辐射(T1/0.15W·m-2和T2/0.45W·m-2)胁迫所导致的光合速率下降,叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量减少及Hill反应活性降低,使得Ce UV-B组各项指标虽低于CK,但明显优于UV-B组。动态曲线显示,Ce减缓了UV-B胁迫期各项指标的下降趋势,加快恢复期的上升速度,且最终达到较好的恢复效果。通过对Chl含量、Hill反应活性与Pn的相关统计学分析发现,Ce对UV-B辐射胁迫下Hill反应活性和叶绿素含量的调节具有改善光合功能的作用,且对Hill反应活性的调节作用大于叶绿素含量。     

野外连续两年增强UV-B辐射对8个割手密无性系叶片MDA含量的影响*

 研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下，连续两年模拟UV-B辐射（280～315 nm，5.00 kJ/m²）增强对8个割手密无性系叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量有显著的影响，8个割手密无性系叶片MDA含量对增强UV-B辐射存在种内差异。5个无性系叶片MDA含量有明显增加的趋势，分别为I91-97，I91-38，Ⅱ91-116，93-25，90-22；1个无性系MDA含量变化不明显（Ⅱ91-93），2个无性系MDA含量有降低的趋势，分别为Ⅱ91-98，92-11。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量的影响具有年际间差异。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量的影响存在生育期之间的差异，为伸长期>成熟期>分蘖期。     

连续3年UV-B辐射对33个割手密无性系成熟期锤度的影响

在大田栽培和自然光条件下，研究了连续3年模拟紫外辐射（UV-B，280～315nm）增加对33个割手密无性系成熟期锤度的影响。结果表明：（1）UV-B辐射对割手密无性系锤度具有明显的影响;（2）33个割手密无性系锤度对UV-B辐射响应具有明显的差异，在2003年、2004年和2005年，锤度响应范围分别为-27.86%～69.90%、-28.88%～34.58%和-18.90%～26.21%;（3）割手密无性系锤度对UV-B辐射响应具有明显的年际间差异，从选择的10个无性系来看，从2003年、2004年到2005年，6个无性系锤度变化率增加，4个无性系锤度变化率下降。     

水稻诱变糯质基因回复突变的研究

以杂交稻亲本胚乳糯质基因突变体南恢175wxR、湘恢288wxR、II-32wxB、明恢86wxR、蜀恢527wxR、明恢63wxR、龙特浦wxB以及D62wxB为材料,肉眼鉴定其自交后代胚乳性质,结果发现诱变糯质基因wx发生回复突变(即胚乳性质由糯质回复突变为非糯质),回复突变频率为0～6.34×10-5,平均为3.74×10-5.     

植物诱变新技术及其在水稻育种上的应用

简要综述了石蜡油-EMS花粉诱变、离子束注入、花粉辐照和空间诱变新技术的诱变机理、生物学效应及其在水稻育种上的应用。