Identifying nutrient imbalances in pomegranate (Cv. Bhagwa) at different phonological stages by the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system

The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach was used to interpret nutrient analyses of leaf tissues from pomegranate cv. Bhagwa orchards grown in southwestern Maharashtra, India. The DRIS norms were established for three growth stages,viz. 50% flowering, fruit development and first harvesting of pomegranate. Various nutrient ratios were obtained from high-yielding population and were used to compute DRIS indices for diagnosing nutrient imbalances and their order of limitation to yield. Nutrient sufficiency ranges at 50% flowering derived from DRIS norms were 1.32–2.15% nitrogen (N), 0.18–0.24% phosphorus (P), 1.29–1.99% potassium (K), 0.64–1.20% calcium (Ca), 0.23–0.45% magnesium (Mg), 0.16–0.26% sulfur (S), 103.04–149.12 mg kg^?1 iron (Fe), 39.60–72.85 mg kg^?1 manganese (Mn), 15.99–26.10 mg kg^?1 zinc (Zn), 6.16–9.32 mg kg^?1 copper (Cu), 23.38–39.88 mg kg^?1 boron (B) and 0.29–0.47 mg kg^?1 molybdenum (Mo). Similarly, the sufficiency range at fruit development and first harvesting was developed for computing DRIS indices. The requirement of Fe, Mg, S, Zn and N by the pomegranate plant was higher at 50% flowering and fruit development stages. According to these DRIS-derived indices, 87.85, 73.83, 70.09, 69.16 and 65.42% orchards were deficient in Fe, S, Mg, Zn, and N, respectively, at 50% flowering, while 70.03, 66.36, 63.55, 61.68, and 68.22% orchards were found to be deficient in respective nutrients during the fruit development stage.     

Effects of NaHCO3 on photosynthetic characteristics,and iron and sodium transfer in pomegranate

In order to study effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) stress in irrigation water on photosynthetic characteristics and iron (Fe) and sodium (Na⁺) translocation content of pomegranate plants, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three cultivars of pomegranate (“Gorch-e-Dadashi,” “Zagh-e-Yazdi,” and “Ghermez-e-Aliaghai”) and four concentrations of NaHCO₃ (0, 5, 10, and 15 mM), with three replications. The results of plant analysis indicated that NaHCO₃ affected chlorophyll index, F_v/F_m, and performance index (PI) in upper and lower leaves of shoots and also the translocation of Na⁺ and Fe. The results also showed that Fe translocation from root to shoot reduced at 15 mM level of NaHCO₃. The highest Na translocation and the lowest Fe translocation were observed in Zagh-e-Yazdi and Ghermez-e-Aliaghai cultivars, respectively. The ratio of sodium/potassium (Na⁺/K⁺) in stems was higher than that in roots and leaves, and the observed chlorophyll content of upper leaves was also lower than that of lower leaves. Based on the measured parameters Gorch-e-Dadashi cultivar showed less relative sensitivity than other cultivars to NaHCO₃ of irrigation water through maintaining the lower Na⁺ transport to the shoots, and improvement of Fe transport to shoots.     

西昌地区石榴叶霉病的病原鉴定

本文报道了四川西昌市发生的石榴叶霉病的症状及病原鉴定结果。叶霉病发生在石榴生长后期,一般危害石榴老叶,表现为黑褐色病斑,造成石榴提早落叶。病原分离采用组织分离法,通过分生孢子悬浮液接种,用柯赫氏法则对其致病性进行验证。显微镜下观察菌丝形态及产孢结构,测量孢子大小,根据形态特征鉴定为极细枝孢（Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke）。     

两个石榴品种结果期光合特性的比较

在自然条件下,利用Li-6400对青皮软籽石榴和红皮石榴的净光合速率、气孔导度以及胞间CO2浓度等光合生理特性进行测定和对比分析。结果表明:2个品种的净光合速率和气孔导度日变化均为双峰曲线,2个品种均有明显的"午休"现象,但青皮软籽的净光合速率和气孔导度略高于红皮;2个品种的胞间CO2浓度与净光合速率均呈负相关,且都在"午休"期间达到最小值,但红皮的胞间CO2浓度略高于青皮软籽石榴。     

利用枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞杆菌防治石榴枯萎病的初步研究

 石榴枯萎病是一种具有毁灭性的病害,生物防治是植物病害防治的可持续措施。本文在室内研究了枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）菌株YZS B15和HB及荧光假单杆菌（Pseudomonas fluorescence）菌株YZS Ph02对石榴枯萎病的抑制作用,并进行了盆栽试验。结果表明,在室内,YZS B15,HB和YZS Ph02对石榴枯萎病菌甘薯长喙壳（Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted）具有很强的抑制作用,当它们的CFU为1×103时对甘薯长喙壳抑制效果就可达96%以上。盆栽试验的结果,YZS B15,HB及YZS B15与YZS Ph02的组合对石榴枯萎病有很好的防治效果,单用YZS Ph02的防治效果较差。随着接种后施用生物菌时间间隔的增加,防治效果逐渐下降。     

石榴果实香气物质的研究

利用顶空固相微萃取法提取大青皮甜石榴整体果实、石榴皮和石榴籽汁的芳香物质,气相色谱-质谱联机定性定量分析,检测香气组分.石榴香气组分中以醛类和醇类为主,在石榴整体果实中占总峰面积的78.32%和14.52%,在石榴皮中占89.88%和4.70%,在石榴籽汁中占82.15%和9.78%.石榴中共检测出77种香气组分,其中石榴果实、果皮和籽汁中分别检测出42种、39种和43种.香气成分中共有的成分为18种,在果实、果皮和籽汁中分别占总峰面积的94.62%、95.59%和93.76%.2-己烯醛、己醛、3-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛为石榴的主要香气成分,在果实、果皮和籽汁分别占78.27%、89.78%和81.79%.结果表明,石榴香气组分以C6醛和醇为主,石榴不同部分香气组分差异也主要表现在C6醛和醇含量的差异上.     

6个石榴品种的光合和蒸腾特性

为了提高石榴的品质及产量,利用美国Li-6400光合作用系统测定仪对芽变的软籽新品种白玉、白玉母本、玉石籽、大笨子、二笨子和薄皮糙6个石榴品种的光合速率、蒸腾速率等进行了研究,并对所测数据进行分析,结果表明:6个石榴品种的光补偿点变化范围为25~52μmol.m-2s-1,光饱和点变化范围为600~1 050μmol.m-2s-1,品种间相差较小;6个石榴品种的净光合速率日变化差别较大,其中4个品种为双峰型,并有"午休"现象,但"午休"时间不相同,二笨子和白玉母本为单峰型,并不出现"午休"现象。薄皮糙、大笨子、二笨子的蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈锯齿状,白玉母本和玉石籽为双峰曲线,白玉为单峰曲线。6个品种的胞间CO2浓度变化曲线类似"V"形。     

几种药剂对石榴疮痂病的防治

在山东枣庄石榴疮痂病Dothiorella sp．是石榴枝干、果实上一种新发生的严重病害，用不同药剂、不同施药方法和施药时间对其进行了防治。结果表明，35％百菌敌5倍液于春季(4月上旬)轻刮涂刷枝干上的病斑，效果最好；防治果斑试验，以50％多菌灵WP500倍液效果最好，防治时间为6月上旬、中旬、7月上旬3次。     

气调对石榴采后果皮褐变及贮藏品质的影响

以‘新疆大籽’石榴为试材,就不同气体成分对其采后果皮褐变机理及果实贮藏效果进行研究。结果表明：8℃下,石榴果实采后的可溶性固形物与可滴定酸含量均呈递减的趋势,且随着贮藏期延长,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量缓慢增加,细胞膜透性逐渐增大;与对照相比,适宜的气调贮藏参数（5%CO2,3%~5% O2）可减缓石榴果皮细胞膜透性的升高以及膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的积累,抑制多酚氧化酶活性的增加,并减少酚类物质的氧化,有效地减轻石榴褐变的发生,保持果实品质。     

杀菌方式对石榴浊汁微生物和色泽的影响

为探讨不同杀菌方式对石榴浊汁在4℃冷藏期间微生物和色泽品质的影响,本研究采用超高压技术(HPP,450 MPa/1 min、450 MPa/5 min、550 MPa/1 min、550 MPa/5 min)、巴氏杀菌技术(PT,85℃/30 s)和高温短时杀菌技术(HTST,110℃/8.6 s)对石榴浊汁进行杀菌处理,并重点研究了抗坏血酸和色泽参数变化的动力学特征。结果表明,冷藏期间,HPP和HTST处理石榴浊汁微生物在标准范围内。HPP处理能较好地保留石榴浊汁中脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAA)的含量,而PT和HTST处理后DHAA含量较未处理样品(第0天)分别降低了21%和35%;冷藏期间不同杀菌方式处理后DHAA含量均呈下降趋势;经一级动力学模型拟合发现,HPP处理组DHAA的降解速率常数k值高于PT和HTST处理组。与热处理(PT和HTST)相比,冷藏前期,HPP处理能保持石榴浊汁较高的L^*、a^*、b^*值和较低的ΔE值,保持较优的色泽品质;采用一级分数转换动力学模型对L^*、a^*和ΔE值进行拟合,发现HPP处理样品色泽参数在冷藏过程中的k值同样高于热处理样品,即随着冷藏时间的延长,HPP处理组色泽品质逐渐降低。综上所述,HPP处理能在保证石榴浊汁冷藏期间微生物安全的同时,较好地保持其色泽品质。本研究为石榴浊汁工业化生产中杀菌方式的选择提供了理论依据。