抽穗期高温对水稻产量构成要素和稻米品质的影响及其基因型差异

田间条件下,采用远红外增温设施,在水稻抽穗期对6个品种进行高温(40℃)处理,以探讨全球气候变暖情况下,极端高温对水稻产量构成要素和稻米品质的影响及其基因型差异。结果显示:水稻抽穗期高温会显著降低水稻结实率,高温处理下6个水稻品种的结实率平均比常温对照下降25个百分点以上,但对穗粒数和千粒重影响不显著;高温也显著(P<0.05)降低稻米的整精米率,提高稻米的垩白率和垩白度,但对糙米率影响不显著。尽管各品种对高温的响应表现出显著的基因型差异,但是高温对所有品种的产量和品质均产生了严重影响。因此,培育耐热品种是解决热害的技术途径之一,但近期内,关键在于进行种植制度调整与栽培技术创新,以提高植株生态避热和生理抗热能力。     

Heat tolerance in spring wheat. I. Estimating cellular thermotolerance and its heritability

High temperature is a major environmental stress factor limiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Improvement of heat tolerance in wheat is an important breeding objective. Genetic variation in cellular thermotolerance among 56 spring wheat cultivars was evaluated at the seedling stage of growth by cell membrane thermostability (CMS) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assays. A subset of eight lines was also evaluated at the flowering stage using the same assays. With both assays Average thermotolerance tended to decrease from the seedling to the flowering stages. However, thermotolerance was well correlated between growth stages among the eight cultivars for both CMS (r = 0.92; p = 0.004) and TTC (r = 0.84; p = 0.050). The correlation between TTC and CMS among the eight cultivars tested at the seedling and the flowering growth stages was significant (r = 0.74; p = 0.031 and r = 0.75; p = 0.029, respectively). The same correlation was less strong, though still significant (r = 0.32; p = 0.014) across 56 cultivars at the seedling stage. In a study of the cross V747 (tolerant)/Barkaee (susceptible), broad sense heritability was estimated at 89% for TTC. Most of the genetic variance was additive. CMS in seedlings of 16 cultivars was positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) correlated with yields of these cultivars in each of four hot environments in Mexico, Sudan, India, and Brazil. The same correlations for TTC were positive but nonsignificant. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding for yield and quality in durum wheat

Three populations of an intervarietal durum wheat cross IWP5308/PDW208, F₅, F₅BIP₁ (population derived after intermating in F₂) and F₅BIP₂ (population derived after intermating in BIPF₁), were evaluated under three different agronomic environments for mean performance and stability of genotypes for grain yield, yield components and protein content. Though the biparental progenies indicated a higher mean performance, they did not differ significantly from progenies of the pedigree method for almost all characters. The biparental progenies, however, produced a higher number of stable genotypes for grain yield per plant, grains per ear and protein content. The F₅ population had a higher number of stable genotypes for 1000 grain weight and number of tillers per plant. The BIP progenies also had a higher number of genotypes with above average mean performance, and many were significantly higher than the checks WH896 and WH542, compared with F₅ progenies. Hence, in spite of high G x E interactions, the use of cycles of biparental mating and selection of top yielding lines on the basis of yield components can enable selection of stable genotypes with high protein content. Number of tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight were the yield component characters which made maximum contribution to phenotypic stability of the genotypes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Repeatability of different stability parameters for grain yield in chickpea

The presence of genotype × environment (GE) interactions in plant breeding experiments has led to the development of several stability parameters in the past few decades. The present study investigated the repeatability of these parameters for 16 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes by correlating their estimates obtained from extreme subsets of environments within a year and also over years. Based on the estimates of response and stability parameters within each trial, the ranking of genotypes in the low-yielding subset differed from that in the high-yielding subset. This indicates poor repeatability for response and stability parameters over the extreme environmental subsets. The estimates of mean yield and stability parameters represented by ecovalence, W²_i, were consistent over years, whereas those of response parameters (b_i, and S²_i) showed poor repeatability. Our results suggest that single-year results for yield and stability can be used effectively for selecting cultivars with stable grain yield if tested in a wider range of environments.     

用高稳系数法分析大豆新品种高产稳产性

应用高稳系数法分析了１９９１－１９９２年河南省区试１０个大豆参试品种的高产稳产性,并与常用的统计分析法的几种稳定性参数进行了比较和分析。结果表明,高稳系数法是分析大豆新品种高产稳产性的准确、简便的方法。     

The effect of urban refuse compost and different tractors tyres on soil physical properties, soil erosion and maize yield

Application of urban refuse compost to agricultural soil could help to solve municipalities' problems related to the increasing production of waste only if soil property improvement and environmental conservation can be demonstrated. The use of low-pressure tractor tyres is another proposal in modern agriculture for reducing soil compaction. This study thus aimed to detect the effects of both compost and low-pressure tractor tyres on soil loss, runoff, aggregate stability, bulk density, penetrometer resistance and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. A 3-year field experiment was carried out on a hilly (15% slope) clay loam soil in central Italy. Twelve plots (200 m² each) were monitored with tipping-pot devices for runoff and soil erosion measurement. Treatments were: compost addition (64 Mg ha⁻¹), mineral fertilisation, use of low-pressure tyres, use of traditional tyres, with three replicates, in a fully randomised block design. Compost was applied once at the beginning of the experiment. Runoff reduction due to compost ranged between 7 and 399 m³ ha⁻¹ during seasons, while soil erosion was reduced between 0.2 and 2.4 Mg ha⁻¹. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of stable aggregates, measured on wheel tracks, increased by 2.19 mm, then progressively decreased. Compost significantly increased bulk density by 0.08 Mg m⁻³ due to its inert fraction content. This effect was less evident in the second and third year, probably due to harrowing. Maize yields were slightly, but significantly, reduced in composted plots by 1.72 Mg ha⁻¹ in the third year. Low-pressure tyres significantly reduced soil loss in the third year by 1 Mg ha⁻¹. Furthermore, they did not significantly influence runoff volumes and soil structural stability. Low-pressure tyres or compost addition were singly able to prevent an increase in penetrometer resistance due to agricultural machinery traffic. Low-pressure tyres increased the maize yield during the 3 years and the difference (0.4 Mg ha⁻¹) became significant in the third year. In conclusion, results show the positive lasting effect of compost in ameliorating soil physical properties and reducing runoff and soil erosion. Low-pressure tyres appear justifiable both for the observed increase of grain production and reduction of soil compaction. This latter effect is, nevertheless, masked by compost addition which is also able to reduce penetrometer resistance. Further research is required to explain the causes of the slight inhibition of grain yield observed when compost was compared with mineral fertilisation.     

饱和土壤冻融过程中水热迁移数值模拟

利用土壤冻融过程的水热传输方程,模拟了饱和土壤冻融的年变化过程,分析了土壤冻结深度的年变化规律和水分向冻结界面迁移的特征。同时亦对影响土壤冻结深度的温度因子做了探讨。     

真空多层绝热式啤酒贮罐保温性能的分析计算

真空多层绝热式生啤酒贮罐是一种无需任何制冷装置、结构简单的销售贮酒罐。通过对该结构传热过程的分析和合理假设,将复杂的非稳定传热计算按稳定传热处理。计算结果表明,温度为４℃的啤酒,在环境温度为３７℃的条件下贮存７ｄ,酒温升高不到３℃,该结构型式的贮罐绝热保温效果显著。文中还对影响贮罐绝热保温性能的主要因素,夹套内真空度、绝热层的材质、层数、厚度、热桥材料的选用等进行了分析。     

扁蓿豆与肇东苜蓿远缘杂交品系的产草量稳定性

通过三个气候区,四个研究基点,四种土壤类型,六个品系连续四年产草量稳定性分析结果表明:反交半直立型(804号)的回归系数(b＝0.99)近似于1,具有平均稳定性;反交直立型(80号)、正交回交种(805号)、反交回交种(806号)的回归系数分别为b＝1.08、1.18和1.01,均大于1,低于平均稳定性;正交直立型(801号)、正交半直立型(802号)的回归系数分别为b＝0.84、0.85,小于1,高于平均稳定性。     

品种稳定性评价方法的比较和分析

本文利用1962～1964年黄淮冬麦区区域试验17个环境,6个品种的资料分析了所选取的9种不同的评价品种稳定性方法。每种方法都可以得出一种品种稳定性序列。然后比较9种不同方法的结果以及与品种实际推广情况的差异,同时从理论上分析它们的优劣。结果表明这些方法在确定品种稳定性方面作用相似。回归法较非回归法精确。在回归中,