增产菌对甜菜作用机制的探讨 Ⅰ.增产菌对甜菜根叶生长、叶绿素含量、光合及蒸腾的效应

在田间栽培条件下研究了增产菌对甜菜的生理效应,研究表明:在不同生育期增产菌均能促进甜菜的根叶生长,并能减少叶片的气孔阻力,促进甜菜的光合作用,改善光合产物的分配以及提高甜菜的蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。     

桉树速丰林鸡粪施用效应分析

采用随机区组设计开展桉树施用鸡粪的试验研究,对不同施肥处理的林分生长量、林相特征以及经济效益进行分析,结果表明,穴施0.5kg以上近似绝干的鸡粪作基肥,其施用优势明显,能显著提高林分生产力,叶片浓绿、宽大、肥厚,叶绿素含量较高,树势强壮,而且经济效益较好,2年生林分平均树高、胸径、材积和蓄积分别达8.0～8.5m、7.0～7.4cm、0.015 6～0.018 6m3和21.5～26.3m3·hm-2,比穴施钙镁磷肥0.5kg为基肥的分别提高9.5% ～15.8%、9.6% ～15.7%、31.1% ～56.3%和32.8% ～62.7%,其中尤以穴施0.75kg鸡粪的经济效益最好,投入产出比高达14.91.     

桂花幼苗对不同程度水分胁迫的生理响应

以二年龄盆栽桂花为试材,研究其对不同程度水分胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:当胁迫程度加深时,桂花幼苗叶片的组织水、自由水含量及自由水和束缚水含量的比值明显降低,轻度胁迫与对照间束缚水含量无显著差异,但中度胁迫和重度胁迫与对照相比差异显著;细胞膜相对透性、MDA、可溶性糖和脯氨酸的含量随着处理时间的延长而升高,胁迫程度的加重,升高加快;在胁迫过程中,重度胁迫和中度胁迫的POD和CAT活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,但它们达到高峰的时间不同,重度胁迫在第6天达到高峰,中度胁迫在第9天达到高峰;轻度胁迫时2种酶的活性均呈上升的趋势。     

Economic evaluation of financial and non-financial costs and benefits in agroforestry development and the value of sustainability

Financial appraisal of agroforestry is not different in kind from appraisals applied to pure forestry. Existing techniques for valuing non-market effects may also be applied. Effects on hydrological and carbon fluxes might be less favourable than those of pure forests. In the confusing field of biodiversity valuation too, only limited and specific claims can be made for agroforestry. Amenity valuation techniques developed for trees and woodlands encounter additional problems of interpretation in an agroforestry context. Agroforestry may offer a quantifiable value in short-term sustainability, and might meet recent economic definitions of long-term sustainable development, without encountering the full dangers to future generations embodied in conversion of natural to human capital.     

黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,通过对黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益浅要分析,结果表明:最大吸水率为刺槐>侧柏>20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎,凋落物储量和最大持水量均为20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎>侧柏>刺槐;土壤渗透性能和贮水性能变化较为复杂,侧柏林地的渗透性和贮水性能较其它林地好些,刺槐林地上下层之间变化最大。     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

Application of Line Thinnings in Practice

The discussion covers the need to change our present system of harvesting pine timber thinnings in order to increase productivity. It points out that this productivity increase can only be achieved through technical innovation and by the introduction of machinery suited to do the job. The machinery and work methods call for a type of neutral thinning in conjunction with a selective thinning or followed by a selective thinning. The advantages of this type of thinning, as practised in this country, are illustrated.     

Inhibiting soil loss and runoff from small plots induced by an individual freeze-thaw cycle using three rangeland species

This study investigated the role of three rangeland species viz. Agropyron trichophorum, Medicago sativa, and Lolium prenne on mitigating of effects of a freeze-thaw (FT) cycle on runoff generation and soil loss from small experimental plots. Small plots (0.5 × 0.5m) were prepared in three replicates for control (i.e., under a FT cycle only) and treatments (i.e., individually planted with the study species and subject to a FT cycle). The treated plots were then placed at a slope of 20% and subjected to simulated rainfall with intensity of 70 mm h⁻¹ and 30 min duration. The results of the study showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the plants on controlling runoff and soil loss after a FT cycle. Also, the detrimental effects of the FT cycle due to performance of ice lenses and formation of an active melting layer in the soil surface were ameliorated by the presence of litter on the soil and root-binding effect of the plants. Time to runoff increased by 54, 111 and 10%, runoff volume decreased by 27, 68 and 0.4% and soil loss changed by −34, −62, and +6.5% in the plots planted with A. trichophorum, L. prenne and M. sativa, respectively. The results of the current study indicated that L. prenne had the maximum benefit on reducing runoff and soil loss from the plots undergoing a FT cycle.     

Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia

Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24 h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50 h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24 h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms.