Monitoring forage production for farmers’ decision making

Objective management of grazing livestock production systems needs monitoring of forage production at the managerial unit level. Our objectives were to develop a system that routinely estimates forage above-ground net primary production (ANPP) at the spatial and temporal resolution required by farmers in the Pampas of Argentina, and to facilitate adoption of the system by end users as a managerial support tool. Our approach was based on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) logic, which proposes that ANPP is determined by the amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (APAR), and the efficiency with which that energy is transformed in above-ground dry matter (radiation use efficiency, RUE). APAR is the product of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the fraction absorbed by the canopy (fPAR). We estimated fPAR as a non-linear function of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). RUE was empirically estimated for the two principal forage resources of the region, yielding the following relations: ANPP = 0.6 × APAR + 12, (R² = 0.86; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the upland sown pastures, and ANPP = 0.27 × APAR + 26, (R² = 0.74; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the lowland naturalized pastures, with ANPP in g/m²/60 days and APAR in MJ/m²/60 days. The models were able to predict independent ANPP values with acceptable accuracy. Computational procedures were automated and run in a Relational Data Base Manager System that stored and managed all the information. The system is currently monitoring 212,794 ha in 83 farms and provides monthly ANPP values for the previous month and a history of the last 6 years. The data so generated show ANPP differences between the two major forage resources, considerable variability of a given month’s ANPP among years and paddocks, and contrasting among-farm differences in the efficiency of conversion of ANPP and forage supplements into beef production. The system was well accepted by end users who utilize it mainly for making near real time decisions according to last month ANPP, and explaining results of previous production cycles by incorporating ANPP as an explicative variable. However, there were differences among farmers in the degree of utilization, apparently related to the advisor’s attitude toward this new technology. Our results indicate that (1) forage production of large extensions can be monthly monitored at the paddock level by a small laboratory with capabilities in geographic information systems, and (2) advisors and farmers apply this information to their managerial decisions.     

谷物循环干燥机控制系统硬件设计

针对循环式缓苏干燥机的工作特性，采用单片机模糊控制方法进行控制系统硬件设计，为解决单片机与计算机的双向通讯，实现干燥过程专家智能控制提供硬件基础。     

冲量法谷物流量测量系统的试验研究

根据精细农业研究的实际要求，首先在不考虑外部振动的情况下设计了一种基于冲量原理的谷物流量测量试验装置。该装置由自行研制的冲量传感器、数据采集器和谷物流动模拟箱体组成。试验结果表明，这种装置测量误差的绝对值小于5%，在此基础上又进行了谷物产量时监测系统的试验研究，试验结果表明，在引入外部机械振动的情况下，经过滤波处理系统测量误差的绝对值小于8%。     

双质量飞轮式扭振减振器对振动的控制分析

介绍了双质量飞轮式扭振减振器的结构特点和对汽车动力传动系统扭振的控制作用。以国产某中型柴油载货汽车为研究对象，建立了2个12自由度怠速扭振系统计算分析对比模型，编制了广义Jacobi算法的计算机程序，进行了双质量飞轮式扭振减振器对汽车怠速振动与噪声控制的计算分析，得到了有实用价值的结果。     

离心输油泵故障诊断专家系统的研究与实现

提出了一种新的对基本神经网络进行组合的思路，将基本神经网络分层联接，每一层对应对象的某一属性，并根据属性分类。以这一思路为指导，组建了BP网络与竞争网络组织相结合的神经网络，并以此为核心，搭建了离心输油泵故障诊断专家系统的框架。     

农业物料力学试验测控系统设计

介绍了基于计算机的农业物料力学试验测控系统的组成和测控软件。应用结果表明，该系统工作可靠，虚拟仪器面板操作简便，实现了农业物为力学试验数据采集及试验过程自动化。     

汽油机转速反馈自适应控制

对汽油机转速反馈自适应点火微机控制进行了研究，对发动机点火采用开环与自适应相结合的控制方法，以发动机的转速变化为反馈信号，将发动机点火提前角控制在最佳值，试验结果表明，转速反馈自适应点火控制是可行的，它能提高控制精度和响应速度，能提高发动机的综合性能。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

基于Matlab的根系断层图像分割处理算法

根据植物根系原位形态可视化研究的需要,利用Matlab提供的图像处理算法,编制了根系断层图像分割处理算法的优选整合程序,用多种不同算法组合对根系CT原位图像进行实例检验,采用最终测量精度法作为评价准则,对分割效果进行分析研究。研究结果表明,在90%的置信水平下,处理模块的不同组合顺序以及每个模块中不同算法的选择对最终分割效果有显著的影响,各因素对分割效果总变异贡献率的大小排序为分割(46.1%)、灰度调整(17.9%)、分割前滤波(4.5%)、分割后滤波(2.6%)、执行序列(0.5%)。根据所设计的实验例证,提出了处理流程及算法中的较优组合。     

生态需水研究进展及存在问题

回顾了生态需水问题的提出背景，分析了目前有关生态需水的定义，归纳了生态需水的类型，讨论了不同生态系统（河道生态系统、植被生态系统）生态需水的计算方法，提出了存在的问题，原因和今后研究的方向。