影响机械加工表面质量的因素及措施分析

机械加工表面质量即粗糙度,其直接影响被加工件的物理、化学及力学性能以及产品的工作性能、可靠性、寿命。通过对零件表面粗糙度的影响因素的分析,可以知道影响表面粗糙度的因素有机床切削参数、刀具自身参数、工件材料性能及热处理等多方面。采取合理选择刀具、选择合理的切削参数等措施,使加工品达到设计及使用要求。     

根土复合体的抗剪特性研究

为了研究根系对土体的加固效应,模拟矿区排土场边坡恢复植被油松样地的含水率与土壤密度,以根径和埋根方式为控制因素,制备根土复合体,利用全自动三轴仪,进行了固结不排水(CU)剪切试验。结果表明,与素土相比,根系能够提高土体的极限主应力差,增强土体抵抗破坏的能力。根土复合体是一种特殊的弹塑型材料,其主应力差与轴向应变曲线呈光滑非线性特征,随着围压的增大,表现出由应变硬化型向应变软化型转型的特征;围压对极限主应力差影响显著,埋根方式、根系直径对极限主应力差的影响不显著。随着根径的增加,不论是水平埋根还是垂直埋根,根土复合体的粘聚力均为增加的趋势;垂直埋根的根土复合体则随着根径的增加内摩擦角增大,而水平埋根的根土复合体的内摩擦角则有轻微的减小。根土复合体的Wu-Waldron根粘聚力模型修正系数K″范围为0.11~0.37。     

Adsorption of anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) on silica

The adsorption of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on a negatively charged silica was studied to provide a better understanding of surfactant adsorption phenomena in an electrostatic repulsion environment between surfactant and soil. The adsorption experiment was conducted under different electrolyte concentration and pH. Results indicated that adsorption happened with hydrophobic interaction, although electrostatic repulsion was generated between SDS and silica surface. The adsorption amount decreased with decreasing electrolyte concentration and increasing pH due to the increase of electrostatic repulsion. The influence of electric potential near the silica surface on the adsorption was confirmed with the modified Langmuir adsorption equation, 1-pK basic Stern model and zeta potential. Because silica is ubiquitous in soils and the water environment, the adsorption characteristics of an anionic surfactant is important when we consider the fate of an anionic surfactant in the environment. The result is also useful when considering the fate of agricultural chemicals which contain negative charge and hydrophobic sites.     

一种新型可控黏土复合膏浆在动水地层防渗中的应用

[目的]研究一种新型可控黏土复合膏浆在动水地层中的防渗应用,治理岩溶地区的水库堤坝渗漏以及大量架空结构的土(堆)石围堰的渗漏问题等。[方法]采用试验的方法,研究掺入新型外加剂具有流动度低,凝结时间可控以及良好的抗水流冲释能力的复合膏浆在动水地层的防渗堵漏效果。[结果]使用固化剂和速凝剂,其掺入量对膏浆的抗水流冲释能力、初凝时间以及流动度均有显著影响,从而可以通过固化剂和速凝剂掺入量的不同来有效的调节复合膏浆的物理力学性质,使其达到工程要求。[结论]采用此种可控黏土复合膏浆处理含有强透水砂卵石的动水地层的渗漏问题,可以使渗漏地层的防渗能力有效地大幅度提高,处理效果显著。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌固体发酵条件及其优化研究

为了优化纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵条件及确定适宜固态发酵培养基,以芽孢数为指标,采用固体发酵方法,研究了培养基组成、固液比、接种量、pH、培养基装量和发酵时间等发酵条件对芽孢数的影响,并通过响应面分析法确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵的最佳发酵条件。结果表明：适宜的发酵条件为：麦麸58%、沸石粉34%、豆饼粉5.35%、葡萄糖2%、KH₂PO₄0.5%、MgSO₄?7H₂O0.15%、pH 7.56、固液比1:1.1、装量50.39g/250mL三角瓶、接种量4.16%、发酵时间4d。在此条件下,芽孢数达到6.48×10₁₀cfu/g。     

紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉产生多菌灵抗药性菌株的研究

多菌灵是植物病害防治中常用的化学杀菌剂,野生型哈茨木霉对多菌灵比较敏感。为了能够更好地将哈茨木霉菌应用于实践,本试验采用紫外线-氯化锂复合诱变的方法,实现哈茨木霉菌株对多菌灵的抗性改良。试验共获得315株正向突变菌株,其中hcb-35菌株抗性能力较强。利用毒力测定方法检测了多菌灵对hcb-35有效抑菌中浓度,及hcb-35对多菌灵的抗药遗传稳定性;并利用对峙试验及显微观察检测其抑菌能力。结果显示,与哈茨木霉出发菌株hc相比,多菌灵对哈茨木霉突变株hcb-35菌株的有效抑菌中浓度提升285%;连续转接12代后,hcb-35菌株抗药性相对稳定且抑菌效果较出发菌株无明显差异,表明应用紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉可以获得遗传稳定的耐多菌灵突变株。     

富硒双歧杆菌南瓜菌粉的研制

为研制成本低且具有合生元效果的富硒双歧杆菌制剂,以南瓜为主要原料,通过响应面法优化最佳培养基配方,考察多种双歧杆菌在最优培养基中的生长情况及富硒能力。研究结果表明,当培养基组成为：南瓜汁浓度16.09%、大豆蛋白胨3.24%、半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.28‰时,动物双歧杆菌01的活菌数可以达到9.37±008 lgCFU/mL,高于在MRS、GMRS、PYG和TPY培养该菌所得的活菌数量。在上述优化南瓜汁培养基中培养,动物双歧杆菌01、婴儿双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌、青春双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌、假小链双歧杆菌和动物双歧杆菌BB12的有机硒含量可以达到(13.20±0.39)~(78.11±0.42) μg/g菌体,有机硒转化率为1.76%~6.41%。培养获得的双歧杆菌以南瓜汁和脱脂乳为保护剂,冻干存活率可以达到70.8%±0.5%。研究证明了南瓜果肉作为双歧杆菌增殖和保护基质的潜质,并为富硒双歧杆菌南瓜粉制剂的研制提供了理论依据。     

Effects of different irrigation methods on micro-environments and root distribution in winter wheat fields

The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity(RH) within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation(BI), sprinkler irrigation(SI), and surface drip irrigation(SDI) had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.     

伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂的研究

本试验研制伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂,并对其理化性能、稳定性、体外药物释放及透皮性能进行评价。采用三元相图筛选不同载药量的纳米乳,确定最佳载药量;采用响应面优化设计筛选纳米乳处方,考察了伊维菌素纳米乳的平均粒径、电位、形态、pH、黏度等性能;分别采用透析袋法和Franz扩散池法比较伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂与市售伊维菌素皮肤涂剂的体外释放行为和透皮性能。结果显示,载药量为2.00%时,纳米乳区域最大、最稳定;获得的优选处方为聚氧乙烯蓖麻油 :二乙二醇单乙基醚 :油酸乙酯 :伊维菌素 :水=26 :12 :7: 2: 53;所得伊维菌素纳米乳的平均粒径为18 nm;伊维菌素纳米乳在室温条件和4 ℃冰箱中保存1年仍稳定;其24 h皮肤累积渗透量和滞留量分别是市售伊维菌素皮肤涂剂的3.24和2.05倍。研究结果表明,研制的新型伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂具有制备工艺简便、稳定性好、透皮性能好等优点,具有很好的应用前景。     

Preparation of Photocrosslinked Fish Elastin Polypeptide/Microfibrillated Cellulose Composite Gels with Elastic Properties for Biomaterial Applications

Photocrosslinked hydrogels reinforced by microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were prepared from a methacrylate-functionalized fish elastin polypeptide and MFC dispersed in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). First, a water-soluble elastin peptide with a molecular weight of ca. 500 g/mol from the fish bulbus arteriosus was polymerized by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), a condensation reagent, and then modified with 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (MOI) to yield a photocrosslinkable fish elastin polypeptide. The product was dissolved in DMSO and irradiated with UV light in the presence of a radical photoinitiator. We obtained hydrogels successfully by substitution of DMSO with water. The composite gel with MFC was prepared by UV irradiation of the photocrosslinkable elastin polypeptide mixed with dispersed MFC in DMSO, followed by substitution of DMSO with water. The tensile test of the composite gels revealed that the addition of MFC improved the tensile properties, and the shape of the stress–strain curve of the composite gel became more similar to the typical shape of an elastic material with an increase of MFC content. The rheology measurement showed that the elastic modulus of the composite gel increased with an increase of MFC content. The cell proliferation test on the composite gel showed no toxicity.