鄂西北核桃主要病虫害调查及防治初探

通过近几年在鄂西北核桃主产区的病虫害调查研究,发现危害严重的主要病害有：核桃黑斑病、核桃溃疡病和核桃枯枝病3种,主要虫害有核桃举肢蛾、云斑天牛、胡桃大蚕蛾和春尺蠖4种,初步调查出这些主要病虫害的发生发展规律,筛选出经济、安全、高效的综合防治措施。     

小麦常见穗部病害的识别与防治

介绍了小麦几种常见穗部病害,如小麦颖枯病、黑颖病、散黑穗病、腥黑穗病和蜜穗病的侵染循环、发生规律及危害症状,提出了以种植抗病品种为基础,加强栽培管理,提高抗病能力,辅以药剂保护的综合防治方法。为提高小麦的产量和质量提供了一定的理论依据。     

烟草青枯病拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性初探

【目的】从不同烟区健康烟草的根际土壤样品中筛选对烟草青枯病具有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌,为防治烟草青枯病提供生防资源。【方法】随机从福建龙岩、四川德昌、陕西汉中等地健康烟草根际土壤中采集30份土壤样品,采用平板稀释法从中分离芽孢杆菌,以烟草青枯病菌为靶标菌筛选拮抗芽孢杆菌,并通过培养特性、菌体形态、生理生化特征分析及16SrDNA序列分析,对筛选的拮抗芽孢杆菌菌株进行鉴定;采用温室盆栽试验,测定拮抗芽孢杆菌的促生作用、定殖能力和抑菌活性。【结果】从健康烟草根际土壤中分离得到1株抗烟草青枯病菌活性较好的菌株LW-4,经鉴定其为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus。LW-4菌悬液对烟草青枯病菌的防治效果为70.37%,其可定殖于烟草根际土壤,具有良好的定殖能力。LW-4对烟草有明显的促生作用;用饱和度为25%的硫酸铵获得的LW-4抑菌物质对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性较高,抑菌圈直径达37.82mm。【结论】菌株LW-4在烟草青枯病防治中具有潜在的利用价值。     

松树皮基质发酵方案的初步探究

【目的】探索松树皮基质的较佳发酵方案。【方法】以新鲜樟子松树皮为试验基质,尿素为氮源,添加EM菌剂和木醋液进行发酵,共设置9种(M1~M9)不同发酵方案,以不添加EM菌剂和木醋液的处理为对照,分析各处理松树皮发酵温度、理化性质及木质纤维素、单宁含量的变化情况。【结果】发酵后,与对照相比,M5(C/N 30、500倍EM菌剂和500倍木醋液)、M6(C/N 70、500倍EM菌剂和500倍木醋液)和M2(C/N 30、500倍EM菌剂)3个处理的发酵温度均明显高于其他处理,且高温持续时间长,松树皮的各项理化性质均得到改善,单宁、木质纤维素含量降解幅度较大。【结论】发酵过程中,EM菌剂起关键作用,再添加木醋液可进一步加快发酵进程,提升发酵效果,初始C/N的影响仅次于EM菌剂,当其值为30~70时松树皮的发酵效果较好,M5、M6、M2处理是松树皮的较佳发酵方案。     

添加竹酢液和菌剂对园林废弃物堆肥理化性质的影响

为研究不同水平竹酢液及菌剂对堆肥效果的影响,以园林废弃物为原料,通过L9(34)正交设计以竹酢液和菌剂为添加剂进行静态好氧高温堆肥试验,分析了堆肥过程中各个时期不同处理的温度、pH值、EC值、全N、全P和全K的变化趋势,并对腐熟后各处理堆肥产品中的全N、全P、全K、Mg、Fe和S的质量分数进行了方差分析与多重比较。结果表明,添加竹酢液和菌剂的处理使堆肥初期温度上升较快,有效降低了堆肥产品中的pH值和EC值;添加竹酢液和菌剂对于堆肥产品中的全N、全P、全K、Fe和S质量分数均影响极显著,可有效增加全P、全K、Fe和S质量分数,且存在交互作用;氮以氨气形式挥发损失,与空白比较,加入菌剂会加速氮的损失,而添加一定稀释倍数的竹酢液可有效保氮;将堆肥产品间各指标进行比较,稀释1 000倍竹酢液2 L+0.5%“有机废物发酵菌曲”的园林废弃物堆肥效果 最好。     

Is the decline of soil microbial biomass in late winter coupled to changes in the physical state of cold soils?

During winter when the active layer of Arctic and alpine soils is below 0 °C, soil microbes are alive but metabolizing slowly, presumably in contact with unfrozen water. This unfrozen water is at the same negative chemical potential as the ice. While both the hydrostatic and the osmotic components of the chemical potential will contribute to this negative value, we argue that the osmotic component (osmotic potential) is the significant contributor. Hence, the soil microorganisms need to be at least halotolerant and psychrotolerant to survive in seasonally frozen soils. The low osmotic potential of unfrozen soil water will lead to the withdrawal of cell water, unless balanced by accumulation of compatible solutes. Many microbes appear to survive this dehydration, since microbial biomass in some situations is high, and rising, in winter. In late winter however, before the soil temperature rises above zero, there can be a considerable decline in soil microbial biomass due to the loss of compatible solutes from viable cells or to cell rupture. This decline may be caused by changes in the physical state of the system, specifically by sudden fluxes of melt water down channels in frozen soil, rapidly raising the chemical potential. The dehydrated cells may be unable to accommodate a rapid rise in osmotic potential so that cell membranes rupture and cells lyse. The exhaustion of soluble substrates released from senescing plant and microbial tissues in autumn and winter may also limit microbial growth, while in addition the rising temperatures may terminate a winter bloom of psychrophiles.Climate change is predicted to cause a decline in plant production in these northern soils, due to summer drought and to an increase in freeze-thaw cycles. Both of these may be expected to reduce soil microbial biomass in late winter. After lysis of microbial cells this biomass provides nutrients for plant growth in early spring. These feedbacks, in turn, could affect herbivory and production at higher trophic levels.     

Cloning of Proteinase Inhibitor Gene StPI in Diploid Potato and Its Expression Analysis

A full-length cDNA of proteinase inhibitor gene with completed open reading frame of 116 amino acids was cloned from Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) resistant potato leaves using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method and designated as StPI. BLAST search against NCBI showed that the StPI gene shared 89% identity with potato proteinase inhibitor Ⅰ precursor in nucleotide and 74% in amino acid. Analysis of semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that this gene was induced by Rs as well as up-regulated by jasmonic acid (JA). The StPI gene expression reached the highest level during 6-12 h post Rs-inoculation or JA-treatment, and then leveled off. Moreover, this gene was strongly induced by JA and its mRNA accumulation increased more quickly than that of Rs-inoculation. The StPI gene may play a role in potato resistance against Rs. The induction of StPI by Rs invasion may have a similar signal transduction pathway with JA treatment.     

十种杀菌剂对李细菌性穿孔病的毒力测定与药效试验

选用10种杀菌剂,研究其对李细菌性穿孔病的防治效果。结果表明:室内抑菌和田间药效试验结果基本一致,防治效果依次为50%福美双可湿性粉剂、72%农用链霉素可溶性粉剂、硫酸阿米卡星注射液、硫酸庆大霉素注射液和8%宁南霉素水剂。不同厂家生产的72%农用链霉素可溶性粉剂的抑菌和防治效果差异显著。     

基因工程固氮菌肥对玉米生长发育的影响初探

采用大田栽培及盆栽试验两种方法，对工程菌株ＵＢ３７及野生菌株ＵＢ１在不同施肥水平下，对玉米植株的固氮效果进行观测，利用公顷产量、棒三叶面积以及植株干重、全Ｎ含量等指标进行评定，结果表明：工程菌ＵＢ３７的固氮效率比野生菌ＵＢ１高，但差异不显著。     

水貂细菌性疾病的病原学调查

为调查山东省水貂常发细菌病的病原学资料,分别对患病水貂进行了病理剖检、细菌的纯培养和生化鉴定。经分离鉴定确定致病菌的种类为变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、克雷伯氏菌、耶尔森氏菌、葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌,并对水貂细菌病的发病原因和规律进行了探讨。