高效液相色谱法测定水稻中丙硫多菌灵的残留检测方法及消解动态研究

建立了高效液相色谱法测定水稻上丙硫多菌灵的残留方法,土壤样品采用甲醇提取,植株、糙米和稻壳采用丙酮-水（1∶1,V/V）提取,先液-液分配净化,再经层析柱净化,在Kromasil ODS-1 C18（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）反相柱上以甲醇-水为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min得到有效分离,于245nm波长下外标法定量。丙硫多菌灵在0.189~18.9μg/mL的质量浓度范围内呈良好线性,相关系数r=0.999 0。检出限（S/N=3）为2.1×10-9g,定量下限（S/N=10）为0.02mg/kg。样品的添加回收率为72.2~104.5%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.1~11.1%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、精密度好等优点,可有效适用于丙硫多菌灵在水稻上的残留检测。     

Enhanced Plasma Availability of the Metabolites of Albendazole in Fasted Adult Sheep

Lifschitz, A., Virkel G., Mastromarino, M. and Lanusse C., 1997. Enhanced plasma availability of the metabolites of albendazole in fasted adult sheep. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (3), 201-211The influence of fasting prior to treatment and of dosing rate on the plasma availability and disposition kinetics of albendazole (ABZ) and its sulphoxide (ABZSO) and sulphone (ABZSO2) metabolites was studied in adult sheep grazing on pasture. A micronized suspension of ABZ was administered orally at either 7.5 mg/kg (group A) or 11.3 mg/kg (group C) to sheep fed ad libitum, and at 7.5 mg/kg to sheep subjected to a 24 h fasting period prior to treatment (group B). Blood samples were taken serially over 96 h after treatment, and the plasma was analysed for ABZ and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. ABZSO and ABZSO2 were recovered from the plasma. Fasting induced marked modifications in the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the ABZ metabolites in sheep. An extended absorption process, with a delayed peak concentration in the plasma, was observed for both metabolites in the fasted sheep. Significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) values were obtained for both metabolites in the fasted animals compared to those fed ad libitum. Delayed elimination with prolonged detection in plasma was also observed in the fasted sheep. Treatment with ABZ at 7.5 mg/kg in the starved animals resulted in bioequivalence to the administration of the compound at a 50% higher dose rate (11.3 mg/kg) in the fed animals. It is suggested that fasting enhances ABZ dissolution and absorption by delaying its passage down the digestive tract.     

Fasciola hepatica infection in farmed emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Objective To describe two cases of infection with Fasciola hepatica i n young farmed emus, subacute and chronic fasci-olosis and a response to treatment of the flock with albenda-zole.
Procedure Gross lesions were found at necropsy and hepatic lesions in microscopic examination. The parasite recovered from one emu was identified by its morphological characteristics and an egg count reduction test was carried out after treatment of the flock with albendazole.
Results Hepatic lesions resembling subacute and chronic fasciolosis of ruminants were identified. An adult fluke was recovered from the liver of one of the birds and was identified as F hepatica . The eggs of the fluke were irregular in shape and size. No fluke eggs were identifiable in faeces of live emus 10 days after treatment of the flock with albendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg.
Conclusions This is the first reported case of infection with F hepatica i n farmed emus and the first report of the occurrence of Fasciola infection is the class Aves. The irregular shape and size of the eggs may be attributable to infection of an aberrant host. Treatment with albendazole eliminated eggs from the faeces of the flock.     

宁夏羊胃肠道线虫对现行驱虫药的抗药性调查

采用粪便虫卵减少试验对宁夏地区所属灵武、贺兰、盐池、吴忠、中宁、中卫、永宁和银川市郊8个县（市）的12个绵羊场、6个山羊场进行了丙硫苯咪唑和阿维菌素抗药性的随机调查。结果表明：在用丙硫苯咪唑调查的10个绵羊场和6个山羊场中，虫卵减少率在95％以下和95％的置信域下限在90％以下的有山羊场2个、绵羊场2个，证明对丙硫苯咪唑有抗药性；1个绵羊场和1个山羊场的虫卵减少率是96．3％、95．9％，但95％置信域的下限在90％以下，具有抗药性可疑；山羊群中丙硫苯咪唑的抗药性为33．3％，绵羊群为20．0％。用同样的方法调查了1个山羊场和5个绵羊场（其中有4个羊场曾执行了丙硫苯咪唑的试验），查出1个山羊场和1个绵羊场对阿维菌素具有抗药性可疑，其虫卵减少率分别为97．3％和95．5％，置信域下限在90％以下。揭示了宁夏地区羊消化道线虫对现行驱虫药的抗药状态，为今后防治提供了依据。     

氧阿苯达唑和阿苯达唑在绵羊体内代谢物的比较药物动力学

体重 2 2～ 32kg的绵羊 8只 ,单次按 10mg/kg剂量交叉内服氧阿苯达唑和阿苯达唑 ,采用高效液相色谱法检测血清中阿苯达唑 (ABZ)、氧阿苯达唑 (亚砜 ,ABSO)及代谢物阿苯达唑砜 (砜 ,ABSO2 )。绵羊分别内服氧阿苯达唑和阿苯达唑后 ,血清中ABZ低于仪器最低检出限 ,ABSO和ABSO2 的药时曲线下面积 (AUC)两药比较无显著性差异 ,内服氧阿苯达唑分别为 (2 9.34± 11.38)和 (2 1.98± 5 .88) μg/h·ml,内服阿苯达唑分别为 (2 8.86±8.78)和 (2 2 .80± 7.0 3) μg/h·ml。内服后代谢物达峰时间 (Tmax)氧阿苯达唑较阿苯达唑短 ,两药ABSO的Tmax分别为 (7.2 5± 3 .5 7)和 (8.75± 2 .6 1)h ,ABSO2 的Tmax分别为 (11.0 0± 6 .0 5 6 )和 (19.5 0± 8.12 )h(P <0 .0 5 )。内服后代谢物的消除氧阿苯达唑较阿苯达唑快 ,血清中ABSO的平均滞留时间 (MRT)两药分别为 (12 .89± 3 .0 0 )和 (15 .6 6± 2 .34)h(P <0 .0 1) ,ABSO2 分别为 (17.93± 3.2 5 )和 (19.2 7± 5 .0 8)h。本项研究表明 ,绵羊内服氧阿苯达唑和阿苯达唑后 ,两药代谢物的吸收程度相近 ,吸收和消除速度氧阿苯达唑则较阿苯达唑快     

捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药虫株给药前后miRNA差异表达谱及网络调控分析

旨在通过miRNA测序技术对捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑给药前后的耐药虫株差异表达miRNA及网络调控分析,获取其转录本中全miRNA表达谱及耐药相关差异表达基因和miRNA,探究miRNA在捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药虫株给药前后的差异。采用Illumina Hiseq2 000平台对捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药虫株给药前和给药后的虫体进行Small RNA-seq测序,将Raw Data与参考基因组和miRBase数据库进行比对分析,使用RNAhybrid、Miranda和TargetScan对miRNA靶基因进行预测,筛选捻转血矛线虫耐药虫株给药前后表达量显著差异的miRNA并通过Stem-loop qRT-PCR验证,同时对差异显著的miRNA-mRNA调控关系采用Cytoscape软件进行可视化分析。将靶基因向KEGG和GO两大权威数据库映射,预测和分析靶基因功能注释情况和参与调控的通路情况。结果显示:1)捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药虫株给药前和给药后共筛选出显著差异表达的miRNA 188个,其中125个上调,63个下调,且qRT-PCR结果与转录组测序结果表达情况一致。2)显著差异表达的144个miRNA共关联到353个miRNA-mRNA负调控关系,注释到46条GO功能条目以及代谢,运输和降解等327条通路。3)筛选出的候选靶基因主要富集在ABC转运蛋白,HIF-1信号通路,cGMP - PKG 信号通路以及P450药物代谢通路,证实在药物胁迫的影响下捻转血矛线虫主要通过代谢和转运的方式参与耐药性调控。本研究为捻转血矛线虫耐药性诊断辅助分子标记的筛选和虫体耐药性调控因素及作用机制的研究提供参考。     

丙硫咪唑在鸡体内的药代动力学及组织残留的研究

给鸡单剂量口服丙硫咪唑(15mg/kg),用HPLC法测定不同时间的鸡体内药物及其代谢物的浓度.结果,在血浆和组织中均未发现丙硫咪唑,而其两个代谢物丙硫咪唑亚砜(亚砜)和丙硫咪唑砜(砜)在血浆中的药代动力学行为符合方程:C(亚砜)=22.3581(e~(-0.142(t-0.6053))-e~(-0.4505(t-0.8053)));C(砜)=4951.7774(e~(-0.2769(t-0.9111))-e~(0.278(t-0.9111)))。亚砜和砜的主要药动学参数分别为:消除相半衰期(t1/2ke)为4.87和2.57h,表观分布容积(Vd)为0.98和0.76L/kg,峰时间(Tm)为4.34和4.52h,峰浓度(Cm)为8.98和7.22μg/mL。亚砜在心、肝、胰、肺、肾等组织中的残留量:给药后3d分别为1.14、5.35、2.42、1.78、2.45μg/g;5d分别为0.281.79、2.34、1.13、1.16μg/g;7d分别为0.12、0.68、1.69、0.48、0.69μg/g.砜在上述组织中的残留量:给药后3d分别为3.15、10.44、8.16、0.99、2.83μg/g;5d分别为1.53、1.04、4.11、0.86、0 89μg/g;7d分别为:0.77、0.67、2.09、0.53、0.12μg/g。     

Implications of Fungicidal Effects of Benzimidazole Compounds on Duddingtonia flagrans in Integrated Nematode Parasite Management in Livestock

An in vitro trial with carbendazim fungicide on the growth profile of the predatory fungus Duddingtonia flagrans was undertaken and in vivo trials in sheep and buffaloes, fed on chlamydospores of D. flagrans and administered albendazole anthelmintic, were conducted. Although no growth inhibition was detected at a carbendazim concentration of 0.05 ppm, growth inhibition was recorded of 50% and above at concentrations of 0.25 and 1.00 ppm (p < 0.001) and of around 90% at concentrations of 2.00 to 5.00 ppm (p <0.0001). Scanty recovery of the fungus was made from faecal culture 48 h following a single dose of albendazole both in sheep and buffaloes. However, profuse fungal recovery was made from 96 h post dosing onwards. When the drug was used as an intraruminal slow-release capsule, no faecal fungal recovery could be made from day 3 after administration of the capsule, when the albendazole sulphoxide concentration was around 1.0 microg/ml. However, profuse and scanty fungal recovery could be made on days 1 and 2, respectively, after administration of the capsule, when the plasma albendazole sulphoxide concentration was around 0.4 and 0.9 microg/ml, respectively. The implications for use of a combination of anthelmintics and biological control in sustainable parasite control programmes are discussed.     

阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑对猪体内囊尾蚴作用酶组织化学观察

目的　采用酶组织化学技术半定量观察阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑对猪体内囊尾蚴发育过程中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、6-磷酸葡萄糖酶(G6Pase)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、脂酶(FE)活性变化的影响。方法　以用药组与不用药对照组猪体内囊尾蚴周围肌组织冰冻切片测各种酶的活性。结果　表明阿苯达唑和奥芬达唑作用后,各种酶活性均出现显著性升高,随后逐渐降低。结论　揭示药物作用后,由于虫体能量代谢障碍,导致物质分解代谢和物质转运代谢代偿性增强,随后由于代谢体系被破坏而酶活性逐渐降低。     

阿苯达唑对蚯蚓若干生化指标的影响

采用人工污染土壤的方法进行阿苯达唑的蚯蚓毒性试验,设计阿苯达唑的暴露浓度为0、50、100、200、400、600 mg·kg-1,暴露实验进行3、7、14、28 d后,分别检测蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,在供试浓度范围内,蚯蚓体内各生化指标对污染物暴露指示的敏感性存在差异,敏感性大小为:MDAGSTSOD≈CATPOD。400 mg·kg-1和600 mg·kg-1浓度下,阿苯达唑能够引起蚯蚓机体的氧化应激响应。这些敏感的生化指标可以用作阿苯达唑生态毒理的生物标志物。