丙硫咪唑缓释注射液对小鼠旋毛虫病的效果

试验采用１２０只小鼠，每只感染１１６条脱囊幼虫。用于治疗的９６只１１、鼠分为４×４组，分别按旋毛虫的４个不同发育阶段分别１次肌肉注射３０，５０，７５和１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）丙硫咪唑缓释注射剂，结果肠内脱囊期幼虫减少均为１００％；肠内成虫减少率分别为７９％，９０．３％，９４．３％和９９．２％；移行期幼虫减少率分别为８７．２２％，８９．９４％，９３．１６％和９５．２４％；成囊期幼虫减少率分别为９０．５％，９４．４８％，１００％和９４．１８％。各治疗组与对照组比较均有极显著差异。试验结果表明，按３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）～１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）剂量给小鼠１次肌肉注射丙硫咪唑缓释注射剂，对各发育阶段的旋毛虫均有显著的杀虫效果。使用该制剂具有用药量小，疗效高，给药次数少，使用安全等优点。     

Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep farms in New Zealand

AIM: To establish the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nematodes on sheep farms in New Zealand.

METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted, using a standardised faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) test (FECRT) for ivermectin, at a full (0.2 mg/kg) and half (0.1 mg/kg) dose rate, and albendazole, levamisole and albendazole-levamisole in combination, on 60 lambs (n=10 per group) on farms selected from throughout New Zealand. Farms that conformed with selection criteria were chosen at random (n=80) or with a history of suspected resistance to macrocy- clic lactone (ML) anthelmintics (n=32). Resistance to an an- thelmintic was inferred when there was <95% reduction in FEC 7-10 days after treatment. Larval cultures were performed for all control groups and for treated groups for which resistance was evident.

RESULTS: Of the farms randomly selected, 36% showed ≥95% FECR for all anthelmintics tested; resistance to ivermectin at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg liveweight was evident on 36% and 25% of these farms, respectively. Resistance to both ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) and levamisole was evident on 8/80 (10%) farms, to ivermectin and albendazole on 10/80 (13%) farms, and to iver- mectin, levamisole and albendazole on 6/80 (8%) farms. The prevalence of resistance to a half dose of ivermectin tended to be more prevalent on farms with a history of suspected ML resistance (p=0.06). Resistance to albendazole was seen across all the main parasite genera, and to levamisole in Nematodirus, Ostertagia (= Teladorsagia) and Trichostrongylus species. Resistance to ivermectin was dominated by Ostertagia spp, although Cooperia, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus species were also implicated.

CONCLUSION: Anthelmintic resistance in parasitic nema-todes of sheep is common in New Zealand. Not only was resistance to albendazole and levamisole common, but resistance to the ML, ivermectin, was at a higher prevalence than expected. Sheep farmers and advisors in New Zealand need to re-evaluate the way they manage parasites, and more research is urgently needed if the steady decline in anthelmintic susceptibility is to be halted.     

Anthelmintic resistance and management of nematode parasites on beef cattle-rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand

AIM: To provide information on current farmers’ opinions and farming practices thought to be related to anthelmintic resistance, and to test for associations between the presence of anthelmintic resistance and management practices on beef cattle- rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand.

METHODS: A study using an interview-based questionnaire about management of internal parasites was conducted on 62 beef cattle-rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand, using case-control analyses to test for associations between management practices and the presence or absence of resistance to ivermectin or albendazole. Resistance was inferred from faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) tests (FECRTs) when there was <90% reduction in FEC 7-10 days after treatment of calves <12 months of age.

RESULTS: Of the 59 farmers who completed the questionnaire, most (n=40) ranked parasites highly, and at about the same level as quality and quantity of feed, as important production-limiting factors for their enterprises. In contrast, anthelmintic resistance was not perceived to be a problem on 13 farms, and its importance was rated low on 24, moderate on 15, and high on only six farms. Despite all farms having planned parasite control programmes, there was heavy reliance on clinical signs of parasitism to determine frequency of treatments. About one in three farmers with beef breeder cows routinely treated their calves at marking, one in five treated mixed-age cows, and almost half treated rising 2-year-old cows before calving. One in four farmers used anthelmintics on calves on 8–12 occasions in their first year of life. Co-grazing with other species was rare, but follow-on grazing within 3 months after older cattle or sheep was common. On most farms, grazing cattle was restricted to part of the farm, a finding with implications for parasite control and persistence of larvae in refugia. Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics or their combinations with other action families were currently, and for the past 5 years, used more frequently than benzimidazoles and levamisole, and benzimidazole-levami- sole combinations. The prevalence of resistance to ivermectin was high (82%) and no plausible model of associations could be constructed from the data. The prevalence of resistance to albendazole was 60%, and the risk of resistance increased as the number of rising 1-year-old cattle present mid-winter increased, and decreased as the number of breeding cows >2 years old present mid-winter increased.

CONCLUSION: It is clear that in practice anthelmintic resistance is a secondary consideration to obtaining productivity advantages from the use of anthelmintics in beef cattle. Farmers’ opinions were divided on many issues and the overall impres- sion was of confused and diverse thinking regarding the principles of the use of anthelmintics. The overall outlook regarding anthelmintic resistance in cattle is bleak unless the need for integrated and long-term research activities is acted upon soon.     

The strategic use of closantel and albendazole in controlling naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Kenya highlands

The strategic use of closantel, a narrow-spectrum salicylanilide anthelmintic against bloodsucking helminths, and of albendazole, a broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic, in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep was investigated on a farm in Nyandarua District in the highlands of Kenya. Thirty Corriedale female lambs aged between 9 and 12 months were assigned to three treatment groups of 10 lambs each. The three groups were set stocked on separate paddocks for 12 months. Lambs in group 1 (strategic treatment group) were treated with closantel and albendazole at the beginning and towards the end of the long rains (April and June, respectively) and towards the end of the short rains (December). During the intervening dry season, the lambs were treated with albendazole. Lambs in group 2 (suppressive treatment group) were kept worm free by regular deworming with albendazole at 3-weekly intervals for 12 months. The third group of lambs remained untreat ed (control group). Gastrointestinal nematode infections and pasture infectivity were well controlled in the case of the strategic treatment group. This resulted in higher weight gains, wool production, packed cell volume, and serum albumin and protein concentrations compared with the untreated control lambs. These parameters were comparable between the strategic treatment and the suppressive treatment groups of lambs. It was concluded that worm control strategies based on the epidemiology of the parasites and the sustained anthelmintic action of closantel in combination with broad-spectrum anthelmintics can provide effective control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the study area.     

Influence of Diet Type and Pretreatment Fasting on the Disposition Kinetics of Albendazole in Sheep

The influence of the quality and quantity of diets on the disposition kinetics of albendazole were studied in sheep in two different experiments. The plasma concentration profiles of albendazole sulphoxide and albendazole sulphone were measured following intraruminal administration of albendazole at 5.0 mg/kg body weight in weaner sheep offered three different diets: 100% green Sorghum spp., 100% dry mature Cenchrus ciliaris hay and a 50:50 mix of these two diets. The peak plasma concentrations and the availability of the albendazole metabolites, as measured by the area under the concentration–time curve, were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the animals offered exclusively dry fodder compared to other diets. Changing the diet from dry to green fodder resulted in a significantly lower systemic availability of the drug metabolites. It is suggested that a decreased transit time of the digesta in the bowel on the green diet, with its high water content, limited the systemic availability of the drug by reducing the time available for gastrointestinal absorption.An experiment on the influence of different levels of pretreatment fasting on the pharmacokinetics of albendazole revealed significantly higher (p<0.05) plasma concentrations of the anthelmintically active sulphoxide metabolite from 12 h onwards following administration of the drug in animals subjected to 24 h of pretreatment fasting compared to other groups with pretreatment fasting of 8, 12 or 18 h. The area under the concentration–time curve and the minimum residence time of the drug metabolites were significantly greater (p<0.05) in animals that had been fasted for 24 h. It is suggested that fasting induces a decrease in the flow of digesta through the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and prolongs the duration of dissolution of the drug, resulting in enhancement of the absorption of albendazole and of the systemic availability of its metabolites.     

杀菌剂复配对水稻纹枯病的联合毒力

采用生长速率法测定了丙硫唑、噻呋酰胺、氟环唑及苯醚甲环唑对水稻纹枯病的毒力。结果表明,丙硫唑和氟环唑对水稻纹枯病的活性较高,EC50分别为0.228 1、0.290 4 mg/L;其次是噻呋酰胺,EC50为0.624 6 mg/L;苯醚甲环唑活性最差,EC50为4.404 6 mg/L。选择丙硫唑和噻呋酰胺6种配比(5∶1、3∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7)测定其对水稻纹枯病菌的联合毒力,其共毒系数分别为124.96、164.91、193.19、224.93、226.61、274.09,表明两种药剂间的联合毒力具有增效作用,其中以有效成分质量比为1∶7时,增效最为显著。     

丙硫咪唑在烟草中的残留及消解动态

为明确丙硫咪唑在烟草中的残留消解规律，制定科学合理的农药残留限量标准，采用QuEChERS与高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 联用技术检测了烟草中丙硫咪唑的残留量，并进行了实际样品检测。结果表明:在0.001~1 mg/L范围内，丙硫咪唑的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间线性关系良好，R2 > 0.998。在0.02、0.2和2 mg/kg 3个添加水平下，丙硫咪唑在鲜烟叶中的回收率为94%~97%，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为1.2%~2.7%；在0.01、0.1和2 mg/kg 3个添加水平下，丙硫咪唑在干烟叶中的回收率为85%~104%，RSD为2.0%~8.1%。丙硫咪唑在干烟叶和鲜烟叶中的最低检测浓度 (LOQ) 分别为0.01和0.02 mg/kg。消解动态试验结果表明，丙硫咪唑在鲜烟叶中的消解半衰期为5.4~16.1 d。以有效成分90和135 g/hm2的剂量分别施用15%丙硫唑?戊唑醇悬浮剂3次，于末次施药后7 、14和21 d时，干烟叶中丙硫咪唑的残留量分别为0.14~3.04、0.33~2.20和0.17~1.85 mg/kg。推荐其残留限量为 2 mg/kg，按照农药合理准则规范使用农药，于末次施药后21 d，丙硫咪唑在干烟叶中的残留量小于2 mg/kg，残留风险水平较低。     

捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药株给药前后比较转录组学分析

为探明捻转血矛线虫阿苯达唑耐药株给药前后在转录组水平上的差异,本研究采用Illumina Hiseq4000对给药前后的捻转血矛线虫进行转录组测序,筛选得到差异表达基因并通过GO和KEGG数据库对其进行功能注释及富集性分析,并利用荧光定量PCR验证部分差异表达基因。结果显示,共筛选获得851个显著差异表达基因,其中包括584个上调基因和267个下调基因。通过GO功能富集分析显示,有458、418和367个基因分别注释到生物学过程、分子功能和细胞组分三大类;对差异表达基因进行KEGG富集分析显示,有173个差异表达基因参与到75条KEGG通路中,显著富集在核糖体合成、细胞凋亡、过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体(PPAR)等信号通路。本试验初步筛选了阿苯达唑耐药株给药前后的差异表达基因,为深入探索捻转血矛线虫耐药性分子机制、筛选对耐药性检测的分子标记及耐药性早期鉴别诊断方法的建立提供重要数据。     

基于HPLC法测定五氯柳胺阿苯达唑复方混悬液中的有关物质

试验旨在通过高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）法测定五氯柳胺阿苯达唑复方混悬液的有关物质。采用高效液相色谱法,以自身对照法计算五氯柳胺阿苯达唑复方混悬液有关物质的量。选用Thermo Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流动相以0.1%磷酸-10 mmol/L磷酸二氢铵水溶液为A相,以甲醇为B相,31：69（V/V）;流速为1 mL/min;进样量为5 μL;柱温30℃;检测波长295 nm。结果显示,在建立的色谱条件下,五氯柳胺阿苯达唑复方混悬液中的主成分峰与杂质峰均能基线分离。3,5,6-三氯水杨酸、2-氨基-4,6-二氯苯酚盐酸盐、五氯柳胺、阿苯达唑在5~100 μg/mL内与峰面积线性关系良好（R² ≥ 0.999）,定量限分别为5 μg/mL及750、500、225 ng/mL,检测限分别为1 μg/mL及500、250、100 ng/mL,杂质3,5,6-三氯水杨酸、2-氨基-4,6-二氯苯酚盐酸盐总平均回收率分别为101.15%、100.35%,总平均回收率RSD均为0.71%（n=9）。经方法学验证,建立的HPLC方法简单、快速、准确,可用于五氯柳胺阿苯达唑复方混悬液中有关物质的测定。