Water use and distribution profile under pulse and oilseed crops in semiarid northern high latitude areas

Oilseed and pulse crops have been increasingly used to replace conventional summer fallow and diversify cropping systems in northern high latitude areas. The knowledge of water use (WU) and its distribution profile in the soil is essential for optimizing cropping systems aimed at improving water use efficiency (WUE). This study characterized water use and distribution profile for pulse and oilseed crops compared to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semiarid environment. Three oilseeds [canola (Brassica napus L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)], three pulses [chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)], and spring wheat were seeded in removable 100 cm deep × 15 cm diameter lysimeters placed in an Aridic Haploboroll soil, in southwest Saskatchewan in 2006 and 2007. Crops were studied under rainfed and irrigated conditions where lysimeters were removed and sampled for plant biomass and WU at various soil depths. Wheat yields were greater than pulse crop yields which were greater than oilseed yields, and WUE averaged 4.08 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for pulse crops, 3.64 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for oilseeds, and ranged between 5.5 and 7.0 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for wheat. Wheat used water faster than pulse and oilseed crops with crop growth. Pulse crops extracted water mostly from the upper 60 cm soil depths, and left more water unused in the profile at maturity compared to oilseeds or wheat. Among the three pulses, lentil used the least amount of water and appeared to have a shallower rooting depth than chickpea and dry pea. Soil WU and distribution profile under canola and mustard were generally similar; both using more water than flax. Differences in WU and distribution profile were similar for crops grown under rainfall and irrigation conditions. A deep rooting crop grown after pulses may receive more benefits from water conservation in the soil profile than when grown after oilseed or wheat. Alternating pulse crops with oilseeds or wheat in a well-planned crop sequence may improve WUE for the entire cropping systems in semiarid environments.     

保护性耕作下陇东春玉米-冬小麦-夏大豆轮作系统土壤水分动态及水分利用效率

在黄土高原西部连续5年定位观测了4种耕作措施[传统耕作(T);传统耕作 秸秆覆盖(TS);免耕(NT)和免耕 秸秆覆盖(NTS)]下春玉米-冬小麦-夏大豆轮作系统中的水分动态及其水分利用效率,结果表明:土壤含水量受降水的影响较大,年内和年际的变率大,200 cm内土壤含水量在350～600 mm变动;土壤贮水量5-7月上旬因作物利用迅速下降,在雨季得到补充,到冬季缓慢下降;水保耕作措施对玉米Zeamnys、小麦Triticum aestivum和大豆Glycine max生育期200 cm土体耗水量影响不大,但秸秆覆盖能有效增加玉米-小麦-大豆轮作系统的水分利用效率;与传统耕作相比,免耕没有造成轮作系统的减产和水分利用效率的降低,免耕、秸秆覆盖可增加农民收入;在土地利用强度极高的玉米-小麦-大豆轮作系统,改大豆为利用营养体的豆科牧草,可提高系统的水分和光能利用率.     

Water Use Efficiency, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Biomass Production of Two Sugar Beet Varieties Under Well-Watered and Dry Conditions

Two sugar beet (Beta vulgaris sp.) varieties, which were supposed to differ in drought tolerance, were exposed to drought stress in a growth chamber and a container experiment in field. The aim was to test for (i) differences between the varieties in water use efficiency (WUE), biomass production and distribution and (ii) the relationship between WUE and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), and between biomass production and Δ. Significant differences in WUE were detected between plants of well‐watered and drought treatments in both experiments, but not between the varieties. Production losses due to drought were large for both varieties in both experiments. Losses in the growth chamber were up to 50 % of plant dry weight and the corresponding value in the field was 24 %, when plants were given 60 and 30 %, respectively, of the full‐watered treatments. Significant negative correlations between WUE and Δ were found, but not between biomass production and Δ, when both varieties were included. Negative correlations between WUE and Δ were also found for each variety separately. The results suggest that Δ estimates from leaf tissue of sugar beet may provide a useful tool for genetic selection of drought‐tolerant sugar beet varieties.     

有限灌溉对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

在防雨池栽培试验条件下,研究了有限灌溉对两个燕麦品种产量品质和水分利用效率的影响.试验为裂区设计,主区为7个灌溉处理,副区为品种(内农大莜1号,白燕7号).研究结果表明:水分过分亏缺或后期灌水过量均显著影响到燕麦干物质积累;内农大莜1号的干草产量、籽粒产量以及粗蛋白产量均为E处理(底墒水 拔节水 抽穗水)最高,而白燕7号的以上三种产量是以F处理最高;两个品种均是E处理具有最高的水分利用效率(WUE),过度干旱(处理A)或后期灌水过多(处理G)均显著影响燕麦土壤水分利用效率;内农大莜1号具有更强的抗旱性,而白燕7号则对水分更为敏感.     

羊草种群的水分利用动态

采用中子水分探测仪、光电叶面积仪和LI-1600型稳态气孔计对羊草草原的水分利用进行野外实验观测。结果表明,羊草种群蒸腾速率T(t)的季节变化主要取决于20-40cm土层贮水量(SW46),光合有效辐射(FAR)和大气日均温(AT)的影响,其中20-40cm土层贮水量对羊草蒸腾速率的季节变化影响最大。羊草蒸腾耗水量的季节动态归根结底受控于大气降水的时空分布,并在时间上滞后于大气降水一旬左右。羊草的水分利用率,主要受植物生长大周期的控制。生物量在前期积累较快,相应的水分利用率高,而后期增长缓慢,水分利用率低。     

非充分灌溉对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率影响研究

通过田间试验,研究冬小麦在不同生育期缺水以及不同程度的缺水对其生长发育及产量的影响,为半干旱区冬小麦建立优化灌溉制度提供理论依据。通过试验观测:枯水年份,冬小麦各生育期耗水比例相差较大,0~80cm土层的耗水量占总耗水量的绝大部分,总耗水量随灌水量的增加而增大,非充分灌溉对冬小麦叶面积、产量和水分利用率均会产生显著影响,灌水可显著提高植株叶面积,不灌水会显著降低作物产量与耗水量;灌1水的灌溉水利用效率明显高于灌2水和灌3水的灌溉水利用效率,其中以T2处理的灌溉水利用效率最高,边际效益最大;灌冬浇水与拔节水可获得较理想的产量和水分利用效率,在半干旱区水资源不足时,可作为冬小麦最佳灌水模式。     

不同保水剂及用量对砂培黄瓜幼苗生长和水分利用效率的影响

以砂子作为育苗基质,以黄瓜为供试作物,研究不同种类、不同用量的保水剂对砂子孔隙状况、持水性能和黄瓜幼苗生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：聚丙烯酰胺型和聚丙烯酸钠型保水剂,在一定范围内,随着保水剂用量的增加,砂子总孔隙度增加,但大小空隙比逐渐减小,通气作用降低,水分日蒸发量和累积失水量减少,鲜重增加,水分利用率提高;但保水剂用量过高,虽持水、保水作用增加,且可延长植株萎蔫时间,由于通气孔隙减少,不利于幼苗生长。从整体上看,聚丙烯酰胺型的效果要优于聚丙烯酸钠型保水剂。     

新疆春小麦的抗干旱和水分高效利用特性研究

研究了新疆当前春小麦主栽品种和近年新审定品种的抗干旱和水分高效利用特性,通过田间干旱和充分灌溉处理小区试验的籽粒产量和主要农艺性状,计算了各品种的抗旱系数(DC)、抗旱指数(DI)、干旱产量指数(DYI)、丰水产量指数(WYI)和产量-水分高效利用指数(YHWUEI).结果表明,新疆育成的春小麦品种在干旱处理条件下的产量、抗旱性总体高于引进品种;各品种产量和农艺性状的抗旱系数(DC)与各品种干旱处理条件下的产量相关性差,各品种产量和部分农艺性状的抗旱指数(DI)与各品种干旱处理条件下的产量相关性较高,而干旱产量指数(DYI)与各品种的干旱处理产量趋势完全一致;又通过干旱产量指数(DYI)、丰水产量指数(WYI)和产量-水分高效利用指数(YHWUEI),筛选出在干旱和充分灌溉两种条件下都高产稳产,即具有水分高效利用特性的春小麦品种四个:新春2号、新春6号、新春7号和新春10号,它们的干旱产量指数、丰水产量指数和产量-水分高效利用指数都大于1.05.在多年新疆春小麦生产中,它们也都表现高产稳产、耐高温、抗干旱和适应性强,在干热风危害麦区推广面积大.     

限量灌水和施磷对冬小麦养分吸收及利用的影响

通过大田试验研究了冬小麦在整个生育期阶段植株的养分吸收量和肥料利用效率的变化规律。本研究以西农‘979’小麦为试验材料,试验采取3个灌水水平即W₁,W₂及W₃,分别为2 400 m³·hm^-2、1 800 m³·hm^-2和1 200 m³·hm^-2。施磷设4个水平即F₁、F₂、F₃及F₄,施磷肥(纯P₂O₅)量分别是0、60、120及180 kg·hm^-2。结果表明：在施氮肥相同的情况 下,灌水和增施磷肥均能够促进植株对氮、磷的吸收量。随着施磷量的增加,灌溉水利用效率及产量也随着显著增加。在F₄处理条件下,W₂处理的子粒产量高于W₁、W₃处理,在W₂处理基础上再增加灌水量,子粒产量无显著提高,且显著降低了水分利用效率。这说明灌水和施磷显著提高子粒的产量,但过量灌水会导致子粒产量下降,适量灌水、增施磷肥可以显著提高子粒产量。在本试验条件下,灌水量在1 800 m³·hm^-2和施磷肥(纯P₂O₅)量在120 kg·hm^-2时,促进小麦的生长发育进程,施磷对土壤水分不足的补偿效应主要是增加单位面积穗数,施肥增加了穗粒数,从而增加了产量,提高水分和磷素利用效率。     

大白菜不同品种对水分利用影响的初步研究

本文对大白菜京翠60、改良67、小杂61和橘红2号4个品种在隔沟交替灌溉条件下的产量、品质、风味、根系以及水分生产效率等方面进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,改良67和小杂61水分生产效率分别为76.7kg/m3和64.5kg/m3,分别比京翠60分别增加18.9kg/m3和6.7kg/m3,口感甜脆,是较好的高水分生产效率品种,橘红2号的水分生产效率与京翠60差异不显著,但品质、风味和颜色较好,适合凉拌生食。苗期的根系强弱不能代表收获时根系的发达与否,根系的强大与否和地上部的生物产量或净菜产量没有直接的相关性。