丙硫咪唑缓释注射液对小鼠旋毛虫病的效果

试验采用１２０只小鼠，每只感染１１６条脱囊幼虫。用于治疗的９６只１１、鼠分为４×４组，分别按旋毛虫的４个不同发育阶段分别１次肌肉注射３０，５０，７５和１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）丙硫咪唑缓释注射剂，结果肠内脱囊期幼虫减少均为１００％；肠内成虫减少率分别为７９％，９０．３％，９４．３％和９９．２％；移行期幼虫减少率分别为８７．２２％，８９．９４％，９３．１６％和９５．２４％；成囊期幼虫减少率分别为９０．５％，９４．４８％，１００％和９４．１８％。各治疗组与对照组比较均有极显著差异。试验结果表明，按３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）～１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）剂量给小鼠１次肌肉注射丙硫咪唑缓释注射剂，对各发育阶段的旋毛虫均有显著的杀虫效果。使用该制剂具有用药量小，疗效高，给药次数少，使用安全等优点。     

明矾注射液安全性研究

通过对明矾注射液的毒性、刺激性、溶血性、耐受性等项目进行研究,表明明矾注射液具有低毒性、低刺激性、无溶血性、耐受性强的特点,同时热原检查和无菌检验均符合兽药典规定。从而证实明矾注射液是一种安全性好的新兽药。     

汽油机闭环反馈辅助控制系统解析

现代发动机电控系统属于微机控制系统,早期采用开环控制,现在大部分采用闭环控制.发动机电控系统可以控制燃油喷射、点火、怠速、排放、增压、进气、巡航等.文章详细介绍了发动机电控系统中两种闭环反馈辅助控制系统工作原理.     

低压空气辅助缸内直喷汽油机进气道设计

以2.0L四气门进气道喷射汽油机为样机,设计低压空气辅助缸内直喷汽油机,运用CFD仿真技术与气道稳流试验相结合对其进气道进行设计.建立了原进气道喷射汽油机进气道的三维仿真模型并进行计算和分析,表明气道流通能力不够强,有强滚流运动;气道内部三维流场分析结果说明部分区域存在气体滞留现象,通过气道稳流试验台对仿真结果进行了验证.根据低压空气辅助直喷汽油机对缸内气流运动特性的要求,在CFD仿真软件中对进气道结构进行了优化,通过调整气门杆附近的截面积、削弱滚流强度,提高了进气道的流通能力,同时改善了局部气流滞留现象.     

多级喷射对柴油机燃烧与NOx排放影响的数值模拟

基于KIVA-3V程序并应用引导喷射策略,对柴油机燃烧过程与NOx排放进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明：与传统的单级喷射相比,引导喷射可缩短主喷滞燃期,降低最高燃烧温度,从而降低NOx排放。若引导喷射提前角过小,则NOx排放降低较少;若引导喷射提前角过大,则NOx排放增加。在11°CA的引导喷射提前角、15%的引导喷射量和4°CA的主喷提前角下,NOx排放降低了约13%。     

车用柴油机Urea-SCR系统降低NO_x的试验研究

首先介绍了Urea-SCR系统的工作原理及其构造;然后在发动机台架上对装有SCR后处理系统的国Ⅳ柴油机进行了相关的试验研究。稳态循环ESC试验结果表明,利用开环控制策略下的SCR技术能使NOx排放降低率达到65%以上。同时对尿素与燃油的消耗量以及氨气的泄露情况分别进行了比较和分析,试验表明,本套SCR系统消耗的尿素水溶液仅占燃油的5.8%,即柴油车运行100 km大约消耗2.5 L尿素溶液,且系统氨的排放小于10×10-6。     

土霉素在斑节对虾体内药代动力学和生物利用度

在自然海水（盐度33）．水温为（28．0±1．0）℃养殖条件下,采用反相高效液相色谱法（RP—HPLC）,研究口灌（100mg／kg）和围心腔注射（20mg／kg）2种给药途径下,土霉素在斑节对虾（Penaeus7YlOylodoYl）体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。围心腔注射和口灌给药下,血药药时曲线均适合采用二室模型拟合。围心腔注射下血药达峰浓度（Cmax）、药时曲线下面积（AUC0-1）、消除半衰期（t,m）分别为（80．71±13．12）mg／L 378．25nag·h·L-1、17．398h;口灌给药下的相应值分别为（21．98±3．32）mg／I。324．52nag·h·L-1、23．372h,土霉素在斑节对虾体内的生物利用度（F）为17．16％。口灌土霉素后,肝胰腺Cmax为（138．655±21．375）μg／g,是血药的6．3倍、肌肉峰浓度的130．2倍,药物在肝胰腺中含量最高;然而。肌肉和肝胰腺中土霉素消除较快,消除半衰期（t1/2x）分别为28．18h和19．311 h。根据我国水产品中药物残留限量规定,水产品中土霉素的最高残留限量（NY5070—2002）为0．1mg／kg,结合本试验研究结果,斑节对虾使用土霉素后的休药期为5d,肌肉可食组织即符合无公害食品标准要求。     

黄芩注射液的制备工艺及质量标准的初步研究

目的:研制以黄芩和柴胡为主药的注射剂,并建立质量控制标准。方法:以传统的水提醇沉法制备该注射剂,采用薄层色谱法对黄芩甙进行鉴定,并用紫外分光光度法测定黄芩甙的含量。结果:采用水提醇沉法制备得到的该注射剂符合药典关于注射剂的各项检查。实验结果表明:黄芩苷含量在1.6μg/mL～8.0μg/mL与吸光度成良好的线性关系,相关系数0.9996,平均回收率99.4%,相对标准偏差为0.6%(n=5)。黄芩甙的薄层色谱鉴别,薄层色谱斑点清晰、空白无干扰,重现性好。结论:该制剂生产工艺简单,质量标准简单易行,产品质量容易控制。     

Foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins following direct stem injection into white and green ash trees for control of emerald ash borer

BACKGROUND: Azadirachtins are natural insecticides derived from the neem tree. The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic invasive insect pest that infests various ash tree species and has the potential for significant economic, aesthetic and ecological impacts throughout North America. The initial translocation and foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins were examined following direct injection into white and green ash trees growing in urban scenarios as a potential control for EAB. RESULTS: Substantial concentrations of azadirachtins A and B [mean maxima > 0.98 mg kg^?1 fresh weight (f.w.)] were observed within 2 days of injecting a specifically designed formulation of azadirachtins. Foliar residues declined exponentially through time, with half‐life estimates ranging from 5.1 to 12.3 days. At the time of leaf senescence, foliar residue levels approximated 0.01 mg kg^?1 f.w., strongly mitigating the potential effects of non‐target biota in soil or aquatic compartments. CONCLUSION: The magnitude and duration of exposures observed in this field study were considered to be above the thresholds required for biological effectiveness against both larval and adult life stages of EAB. Results support the use of azadirachtins as an environmentally acceptable systemic insecticide for control of EAB and protection of high‐value ash trees in urban environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland

In Sweden, 90% of ammonia (NH₃) emissions to the atmosphere originate from agriculture, predominantly from animal manure handling. It is well known that incorporation of manure into soil can reduce NH₃ emissions after spreading. However, there is a risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions caused by bacterial activity and limited oxygen availability under these conditions. A full‐scale injector was developed and evaluated in a field experiment on grassland. Cattle slurry was either injected in closed slots 5 cm below ground or band spread on the soil surface above the crop canopy at a rate of 25 t ha^?1. In a control treatment, no slurry was applied. During a 5‐day period after application, NH₃ emissions were measured using an equilibrium concentration method. Gas samples for estimating CH₄ and N₂O emissions were also collected during 7 weeks following slurry application. Injection in closed slots resulted in no detectable NH₃ emissions. After band spreading, however, NH₃ emissions corresponded to nearly 40% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen in the applied slurry. The injection of slurry gave rise to a broad peak of N₂O emissions during the first 3 weeks after application. In total, for the measuring period, N₂O emissions corresponded to 0.75 kg N ha^?1. Band spreading resulted in only a very small N₂O release of about 0.2 kg N ha^?1 during the same period. Except for the first sampling occasion, the soil was predominantly a sink for CH₄ in all the treatments. The use of the injector without slurry application reduced grass yield during unfavourable growing conditions. In conclusion, shallow injection in closed slots seems to be a promising technique to reduce negative environmental impacts from NH₃ emissions with a limited release of N₂O and CH₄.