An evaluation of the Porac River irrigation system

An irrigation water management research programme was implemented by Hydraulics Research in collaboration with the National Irrigation Administration of the Philippines on the Porac Area of Porac Gumain Rivers Irrigation System. The objectives of the study are to monitor the response of the main canal network to changes in water availability and assess its capability to deliver crop water requirements to sub-areas jointly managed by National Irrigation Administration staff and existing Irrigator Associations. This paper presents an analysis of the response of the main system to the varying irrigation demands, and assesses the conjunctive use of groundwater with surface water and the potential of computer models to assist management with the preparation of the annual irrigation schedules.     

Division of irrigation water in The Fayoum,Egypt

The division of irrigation water in The Fayoum, Egypt, has been measured. Factors influencing this division are discussed: the hydraulic conditions at structures and canals, the operation regime of gates, lack of reliable gauge data for system operation, shortage of labour, and the water level in Lake Qarun. A deviation from uniform supply has been found for the entire Fayoum, but also along a lateral and sub-lateral. The reasons for this are discussed and suggestions for possible technical improvements of The Fayoum system are given.Abbreviations FWSBM Fayoum Water and Salt Balance Model Project - MSL Mean Sea Level at Alexandria - FID Fayoum Irrigation Department - mcm million cubic metres     

肥沙混施对盐碱地冬小麦耗水特性与生长的影响

为解析春限一水条件下盐碱地改良措施对小麦耗水和产量调控作用,于2015—2018年连续3个冬小麦生长季,设置耕层掺黄河泥沙(SS)、配施生物有机肥(FF)和掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥(SF) 3个处理,以不作处理为对照(CK),研究不同处理下农田土壤水分变化和冬小麦干物质积累规律。结果表明:连续3年产量水平为3 317. 77～5 449. 52 kg/hm~2,各处理间以SF处理的籽粒产量最高,该处理与CK相比,籽粒产量提高35%～51%;总耗水量变幅为352. 85～394. 89 mm,不同处理间总耗水量均以CK最低,以SF处理最高(361. 81～394. 89 mm);农田水分利用效率变幅为9. 01～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm),以SF处理最高(12. 02～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm)),比CK高33%～48%,其次为FF处理和SS处理,分别比CK高9%～32%、9%～18%。SS或FF处理可增加冬小麦拔节前0～200 cm土层贮水量,增大拔节至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例,促进冬小麦对土壤贮水和深层土壤水分的利用,最终提高冬小麦的生物量和籽粒产量。冬小麦籽粒产量与干物质积累量、总穗粒数呈显著正相关;水分利用效率与冬小麦耗水量、产量呈二次曲线关系。在本研究条件下,随着籽粒产量提高,水分利用效率快速增加;而随耗水量增加,各处理间水分利用效率增减表现不同。综合考虑产量、收获指数和水分利用效率,确定掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥处理(SF)是本研究条件下的最佳处理。     

长时序海量土地利用时空数据统计优化方法

针对任意查询区域年度现状地类面积统计困难、长时序变更流量分析计算耗时等问题,提出基于时空变化图模型的统计优化方法。运用图的连通性原理,对查询统计区域内和边界处的要素实体进行分类,实现了时序快照统计优化算法,解决了任意查询区域时点现状统计困难的问题,提高了时序快照统计的效率。运用多商品流原理进行时空网络图约化性判定,实现了变更流量统计优化算法,减少了要素空间叠置分析次数,解决了长时序土地利用变化变更流量统计耗时问题,提高了统计的效率。最后,以2009—2012年琼海市土地利用数据为例,进一步验证优化算法的有效性和可行性。     

调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验研究了苗期调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律和水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:调亏处理蚕豆在苗期、拔节期及花荚期需水量减少,叶面积、蒸腾速率和光合速率下降,在鼓粒成熟期则相对增加,作物的总需水量减少.叶面积、蒸腾速率和棵间蒸发减少是调亏灌溉需水量降低的主要原因.调亏灌溉能够延缓鼓粒期叶片衰老,提高光合速率,使光合同化物向籽粒分配的比例增加,提高水分生产效率.     

Effects of arrangement of surge-rootirrigation emitters on growth,yield andwater use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment. The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards. There were three factors: the buried depth H( 25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L( 30,40,60 cm) between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N( 1,2,4). The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency( IWUE) of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75% of the field water capacity. The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28 388. 17 kg/hm2 and 16. 83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively. At the same L and N levels( T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22% and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02% and 18.12% compared with T3,respectively. At the same H and N levels( T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level. Especially,when L was 30 cm( T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest. The same L and H levels( T3,T6,and T7) could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2( T3). Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%. Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.     

滑动轴承在农业机械中的使用与维护

轴承主要用来支承轴及轴上零件,并保持轴的旋转精度和减少转轴与支承之间的摩擦和磨损.为此,探讨了滑动轴承的工作原理、常见故障类型及采取的防范措施,针对故障原因对滑动轴承进行日常维护,为推动轴承在农业机械中的合理使用和维护提供参考依据.     

水、氮效应与叶绿素关系试验研究

以冬小麦和夏玉米为试验对象，研究了不同水、氮条件对作物植株含氮及叶绿素含量的影响，作物叶片含氮、作物产量与叶绿素含量之间的量化关系，并提出了利用叶绿素仪预测作物氮素胁迫的方法。研究结果表明，田间的不同水、氮制度将影响作物的含氮水平及叶绿素含量，它们之间呈正响应关系。氮素对作物叶绿素含量起着较强的影响作用。作为一种测量叶片叶绿素含量的仪器，叶绿素仪可以作为测量作物含氮的仪器使用，具有快速、准确、简便的特点。     

秸秆覆盖对冬小麦耗水特征及水分生产率的影响

2季冬小麦试验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖具有减少土壤棵间无效蒸发的作用 ,冬小麦返青前 1 m土层贮水量在砂壤土条件下秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理增加 2 %～ 2 5 .8% ,粘壤土条件下增加 2 %～ 1 4.5 %。返青前秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理的日耗水量普遍小 ,返青后情况则相反。秸秆覆盖能够促进作物生长 ,与无覆盖相比 ,提高水分生产效率 4.6%～ 2 5 .2 %。     

城市生活用水考核指标体系

提出了城市生活用水考核的指标体系。该考核体系分城市生活用水单元和城市总体生活用水两个类型，从生活用水、重复利用、排水、用水管理等4个方面对生活用水进行考核，从而全面的反映城市生活用水情况，对城市生活用水的规范化、科学化管理，促进节约用水将起到积极的作用。