Surfer软件在土地工程项目中的应用

利用CASS和Surfer软件对土地工程项目的土方量计算、管网设计以及三维可视化表达等方面进行探讨,并通过实例验证可行性,以满足土地工程项目各个环节的需求,为项目的决策提供科学的数据支持。     

土地整理中土壤肥力保持价值比较研究

土地整理不可避免地会对项目区的环境要素及其生态过程产生影响,基于生态服务价值理论,对邛崃市孔明乡土地整理项目区不同整理类型土壤肥力保持价值进行了比较研究,可为该地区土地整理决策、土地整理质量与效益评价等提供定量依据.结果表明,土壤肥力保持每公顷累积价值土地开发区为1.51万元,土地复垦区1.85万元,土地整理区0.49万元.土地复垦区积累价值率达到147.2%,远大于开发区和整理区,这一结果与复垦区土壤全部通过客土改造有关.土地整理后项目区土壤肥力保持总价值增加了733.88万元,其来源一是新增耕地面积,二是农地地力的提高.土壤肥力保持效费比分别为开发区0.05,复垦区0.09,整理区0.46,效益以土地整理区最高.说明以改善农业基础设施、提高地力为主要特征的土地整理类型投资少,土壤肥力保持效益高,值得提倡.     

毛乌素沙地中国沙棘不同栽植措施对造林成效的影响

中国沙棘是毛乌素沙地的主要造林树种之一，但其造林效果受到干旱缺水和风沙危害的双重制约。为此，本文提出了缝植造林、丛状栽植和栽前灌水3项实用技术。结果表明，与常规的穴状单株栽植以及造林前不灌水相比，这些措施能够有效地提高水分利用效率、降低风蚀危害，从而提高造林成活率、促进苗木生长。     

基于模糊数学宜农地生态适宜性评价(英文)

[目的]对吉林西部宜农地进行生态适宜性评价,以期为农业资源有效利用及土地利用结构调整提供依据。[方法]基于模糊数学方法,依据系统性、主导性、有效性、可行性原则,构建评价指标体系;根据耐性定律,按照农作物生态幅要求确定合理评价标准;原始数据基于GIS技术处理,应用EXCEL中VBA程序完成评价计算。[结果]吉林西部宜农Ⅰ等地5512km2、Ⅱ等地25985km2、Ⅲ等地7907km2,不宜农地6312km2。根据评价结果,土地利用调整的重点区域是镇赉县、大安县、乾安县、通榆县、长岭县西部,改善灌排条件、治理土地盐碱化、退耕还林还草是土地利用调整方向。[结论]该研究结果为吉林西部农业资源有效利用及生态环境建设提供了依据。     

中国干旱区山地的资源、环境和生态意义

<正> 中国干旱区占有贺兰山以西、昆仑—阿尔金—祁连山以北的广大土地,其边缘和内部分布着众多山地。这些山地与干旱的平原、盆地相间排列,使主要盆地均被高山环绕,或至少一侧有山地依傍,形成了中国干旱区一个重要的地理分布特征。例如,阿尔泰山、准噶尔西部山地和天山环绕准噶尔盆地;天山、帕米尔和昆仑山环绕塔里木盆地;阿尔金     

Sheep farming systems and nature management of rangeland in French Mediterranean mountain areas

For the past ten years, sheep farmers from the French Mediterranean area have been able to use agri-environmental farming schemes to prevent the development of forest on rangelands and to preserve biodiversity in these open areas. These new environmental concerns are the background for an investigation into the management of long-term interactions between farm practices and systems on grazed land. This includes an analysis of how farmers change their management practices.Considering these practices in their socio-technical dimension, we carried out a survey among sheep farmers within the Luberon Natural Regional Park to analyse the process of transformation in practice, as sheep farm sizes are also roughly increasing. We will show how changes in practice are linked with the ability of farmers to integrate these into new farming systems. But it is also related to the social status of these practices in relation to local professional groups, who define the social framework concerning farming activities and who attribute value to different practices.Integrating these links between the technical and social dimensions of practices is a challenge for producing indicators able to evaluate the abilities of farming systems to change in order to participate in the medium term environmental management.     

The Impact of Misclassification in Land Use Maps in the Prediction of Landscape Dynamics

Land use maps are widely used in modeling land use change, urban sprawl, and for other landscape related studies. A misclassification confusion matrix for land use maps is usually provided as a measure of their quality and uncertainty. However, this very important information is rarely considered in land use map based studies, especially in modeling landscape dynamics. Ignoring uncertainty of land use maps may cause models to provide unreliable predictions. This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of the accuracy of land use maps used as input for an urban sprawl model. In the study area, the regional confusion matrix has been localized using a topographical map. Based on the regional and local confusion matrices, several error levels have been defined. The results showed that a localized confusion matrix that reflected the characteristics of the study area had error rates that were much different than the regional confusion matrix. The predictions of the probability of urban sprawl based on the land use maps and defined error levels were quite different.     

Improved methods for quantifying potential nutrient interception by riparian buffers

Efforts to quantify the effects of riparian buffers on watershed nutrient discharges have been confounded by a commonly used analysis, which estimates buffer potential as the percentage of forest or wetland within a fixed distance of streams. Effective landscape metrics must instead be developed based on a clear conceptual model and quantified at the appropriate spatial scale. We develop new metrics for riparian buffers in two stages of increasing functional specificity to ask: (1) Which riparian metrics are more distinct from measures of whole watershed land cover? (2) Do functional riparian metrics provide different information than fixed-distance metrics? (3) How do these patterns vary within and among different physiographic settings? Using publicly available geographic data, we studied 503 watersheds in four different physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay Drainage. In addition to traditional fixed-distance measures, we calculated mean buffer width, gap frequency, and measures of variation in buffer width using both “unconstrained” metrics and “flow-path” metrics constrained by surface topography. There were distinct patterns of relationship between watershed and near-stream land cover in each physiographic province and strong correlations with watershed land cover confounded fixed-distance metrics. Flow-path metrics were more independent of watershed land cover than either fixed-distance or unconstrained measures, but both functional metrics provided greater detail, interpretability, and flexibility than the fixed-distance approach. Potential applications of the new metrics include exploring the potential for land cover patterns to influence water quality, accounting for buffers in statistical nutrient models, quantifying spatial patterns for process-based modeling, and targeting management actions such as buffer restoration.     

Wildfires and landscape patterns in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula

The relations between disturbance regime and landscape patterns have been developed from a theoretical perspective, but few studies have tested these relations when forces promoting opposing heterogeneity patterns are simultaneously operating on a landscape. This work provides quantitative evidence of these relations in areas dominated by human activity, showing that landscape heterogeneity decreases disturbance spread. In turn, disturbance introduces a source of landscape heterogeneity, but it is not enough to counterbalance the homogeneity trend due to agricultural abandonment. Land cover changes and wildfire occurrence (fires larger than 0.3 km²) have been monitored in the Tivissa municipality (208.4 km²) (Catalonia, NE Spain) from 1956 to 1993. Land cover maps were obtained from 1956, 1978 and 1993 and they were overlaid with fire occurrence maps obtained for the 1975–1995 period from 60 m resolution remote sensing images, which allow the identification of burned areas by sudden drops in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Changes in landscape patterns in relation to fire regime have been analyzed considering several parameters: patch density, mean patch size, mean distance to the nearest neighbour of the same category, edge density, and the Shannon diversity index. In the 1956–1993 period there is a trend to increasing landscape homogenization due to the expansion of shrub­lands linked to a decrease in forest surface, and to the abandonment of agricultural lands. This trend, however, is not constant along all the period. Fires are more likely to occur in woody, homogenous areas, increasing landscape heterogeneity, as observed in the 1978–1993 period. This increase in heterogeneity does not counterbalance the general trend to landscape homogenization as a consequence of agricultural abandonment and the coalescence of natural vegetation patches.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

城市近郊土地利用变化对土壤团聚体及其结合有机碳的影响

通过采集河南省新乡市近郊区域传统耕地、设施菜地以及景观绿化林地和草地0~20 cm表层土壤,利用湿筛法进行水稳性团聚体的分离及团聚体结合有机碳的测定,分析和比较了土壤团聚体稳定性及其结合有机碳变化特征。结果表明：城市化进程中土地利用类型变化对水稳性团聚体粒径组成和稳定性产生显著影响。相较于传统耕地,进行6年设施蔬菜种植显著降低土壤水稳性大团聚体质量占比（WR_0.25）、团聚体平均质量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）,降幅分别为42.40%、54.84%和129.41%。而进行相同年限景观林、草地建设均能显著提高WR_0.25,提升幅度分别为33.65%和23.63%。景观绿化林地和草地团聚体MWD、GMD较耕地分别增加0.64%和26.92%、83.87%和77.42%。此外,虽然设施菜地和林草地各粒径团聚体结合有机碳含量较传统耕地均有不同程度提高,但是其结合有机碳贡献率变化情况与团聚体各粒径质量占比有关。其中,0.25~2 mm粒径团聚体结合有机碳含量在设施菜地土壤中取得最大值,为35.02 g/kg,但是其>0.25 mm各粒径团聚体结合有机碳贡献率均显著降低。草地建设显著降低<0.053 mm粒径黏粉粒结合有机碳贡献率,但是显著增加>0.25 mm粒径大团聚体结合有机碳贡献率。因此,城市化进程中近郊传统耕地转变为景观绿化林草地初期能促进水稳性大团聚体的形成及结合有机碳的积累,并提高团聚体的稳定性,在土壤有机碳固持方面表现出巨大潜力。