Histological components of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium</Emphasis> L. species related to digestive quality of forage

The microscopic analysis of leaflet, petiole, stem and peduncle of 26 populations of 17 Trifolium species was carried out in order to examine their structural characteristics related to digestibility, to compare them between the populations of forage species and their wild relatives and to evaluate, from histological aspect, the potential of wild-growing species to be used as forages. Forage species had low proportion of the tissues composed of thick-walled cells and high proportion of the tissues composed of thin-walled cells in all examined plant parts. The reduction of the proportion of lignified xylem, sclerenchyma and sclerenchymatous interfascicular parenchyma, were suggested as basic selection criteria in breeding Trifolium species for improved digestibility. T. angulatum, T. medium and T. pannonicum proved to be very similar to the forage species in their histological composition, proportion of thick-walled and thin-walled cells and type of variation of the examined parameters. We believe that these species have some potential for use as forages in their own right, but aditional biochemical, physiological and morphological investigations should be conducted.     

主成分分析对黄海6种主要饵料鱼类的质量分析评价

根据黄海6种饵料鱼类的碳氮比、脂肪含量、蛋白质含量、碳含量及非水分含量5个指标,采用主成分分析法对其进行质量排序。结果表明,依代表生物基本能量的第1主成分,6种鱼的质量顺序为鳀Engraulis japonicus、凤鲚Coilia mystus、黄鲫Setipinna taty、赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis、细条天竺鲷Apogonichthys lineatus和黑鳃梅童鱼Collichthys niveatus;依代表营养价值的第2主成分,6种鱼的质量顺序为黄鲫、凤鲚、黑鳃梅童鱼、赤鼻棱鳀、鳀和细条天竺鲷;营养质量的综合排序为凤鲚、黄鲫、鳀、赤鼻棱鳀、细条天竺鲷和黑鳃梅童鱼。结果表明,单一营养质量指标或同类营养质量指标都不能完全代表整个饵料鱼类的质量。     

武威市凉州区饲草产业发展现状及对策建议

饲草产业是畜牧业发展的基础,优质充足的饲草是保障畜牧业高质量发展的前提。近年来,凉州区坚持“稳粮、优经、扩饲”,加快调整优化农业结构,依托中央“草原奖补”“粮改饲”等项目,采用“龙头企业+合作社+农户”模式,推进优质饲草高产示范基地建设,有力促进了饲草产业健康持续发展。作为一名专业技术人员,本文就凉州区饲草产业发展现状进行了调查,针对存在的问题,提出了针对性的对策建议,供业内参考。     

种植密度与行距对秋闲田饲用甜高粱草产量的影响

为了秋闲田饲用甜高粱丰产丰收,探索其高产栽培技术。采用列区试验设计与软件IBM.SPSS.Statistics.v22 的LSD法,对秋闲田饲用甜高粱的种植密度与播种行距进行了单株生产力及其草产量的比较试验。结果表明：种植密度与行距对秋闲田饲用甜高粱单株生产力、草产量均具有重要影响。明确了秋闲田饲用甜高粱高产配套栽培技术的优化组合：单株生产力最大的优化组合为A1B4,即种植密度为7.50 万株/hm2 与播种行距为40 cm 的配置;获得最高产量的优化组合为A2B4,即种植密度为22.50 万株/hm2与播种行距为40 cm的配置。研究结果为秋闲田种植饲用甜高粱的生产实践提了供理论依据和技术支撑。     

气候变化对牧草生长发育的影响研究综述

牧草作为草地生态系统的特殊群落,对气候变化响应十分敏感,因此,牧草生长动态及其与气候变化相互关系一直是草原管理及研究的重要内容。本文系统归纳了近几十年来国内外气候变化对牧草生长发育的影响研究进展和成果,提出了当前研究存在的问题:资料密度和序列长度不够;单一气候因子及其多因子协同影响选择方法困难;缺乏系统的集成方法,机理模型较少或半统计半机理模型共存。并探讨了气候变化对草原生态系统研究领域的重点任务,深入研究站点资料转化成面域资料技术及多源资料融合或资料同化技术;集中力量研究多个因子综合影响牧草生产技术方法;建立能完整反映气候要素对牧草生长发育综合影响的机理模拟模型;制定科学的、开放性的、动态的草原管理方案。为草原生态平衡和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

不同种牧草的产量和品质

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸定位站以一年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、小黑麦(Triticale hexaploide)、燕麦(Avena sativa)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)为研究对象,对其产草量、牧草营养品质进行测定,以探讨不同牧草的产量和品质。结果表明:小黑麦干草产量为1345.50 g·m^-2,显著高于一年生黑麦草(974.93 g·m^-2)、垂穗披碱草(301.75 g·m^-2)和燕麦(329.60 g·m^-2)。小黑麦产量是垂穗披碱草和燕麦干草产量的4~4.5倍,是黑麦草干草产量的1.4倍。垂穗披碱草粗蛋白(CP)含量显著高于一年生黑麦草和小黑麦(P<0.05),一年生黑麦草粗蛋白(CP)含量最小。单位面积粗蛋白(CP)产量、粗脂肪(EE)产量、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)产量和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)产量以一年生黑麦草最高,显著高于小黑麦、垂穗披碱草和燕麦(P<0.05)。     

高寒牧区不同燕麦品种饲草产量及品质的研究

在祁连山高寒牧区祁连县开展8个燕麦（Avena satiua）品种饲草产量和品质研究,以期筛选出适宜种植的优良品种。结果表明：8个参试品种中以白燕7号、丹麦燕麦、加燕2号表现突出,鲜草产量分别为46189,39314和39908kg·hm^-2,干草产量分别为16283,13032和12158kg·hm^-2;乳熟期粗蛋白含量分别为14.33%,15.30%和17.63%,粗脂肪含量分别为2.29%,2.45%和2.82%,钙含量分别为0.472%,0.565%和0.499%,磷含量分别为0.123%,0.193%和0.167%,中性洗涤纤维含量分别为52.16%,50.69%和52.65%,酸性洗涤纤维含量分别为34.32%,32.28%和32.64%。这3个品种均可作为该地区推广的主要品种。     

铅、镉胁迫对饲用高粱生长及铅、镉吸收和累积的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度的土壤外源重金属Pb,Cd及其复合胁迫对饲用高粱（Sorghum vulgare）生长的影响及其对Pb和Cd的积累能力。结果表明：随着Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫浓度的增加,饲用高粱株高、生物量呈降低趋势,Pb和Cd含量呈增加趋势,茎鞘Cd含量及Cd累积量高于叶片,叶片Pb含量及Pb累积量高于茎鞘。在复合胁迫下,低、中浓度的Pb和Cd处理表现出相互促进吸收累积,高浓度处理表现出相互抑制吸收累积的特性,饲用高粱对Cd的富集能力远大于Pb。研究结果将为利用饲用高粱修复重金属污染土壤提供理论依据。     

海南坡鹿饲草粗蛋白质和微量元素含量与喜食性的关系

在海南大田国家级自然保护区围栏内,测定海南坡鹿饲草的喜食性;采集坡鹿经常采食的草本植物和灌木各18种,测定其粗蛋白质、铁、锰、锌和铜含量,并分析其与饲草喜食性的相关关系.结果显示,随着粗蛋白质和微量元素含量增加,饲草的喜食性显著提高,海南坡鹿优先摄取粗蛋白质和微量元素含量丰富的饲草.灌木类饲草的粗蛋白质、铁、锰、锌和铜含量分别为12.24%、265.44、61.43、26.72和17.82mg/kg,均显著高于草本类饲草含量(依次为9.39%、142.67、34.05、13.67和9.44mg/kg).灌木是海南坡鹿旱季长达半年多时间里在大田保护区围栏内得以维持平衡的生态营养需要的重要营养源.对海南坡鹿饲草资源量的研究表明,大田保护区围栏内坡鹿喜食的灌木类饲草的可采食资源量在逐步减少,这是由于它们被坡鹿长期选择性采食所导致的.     

Effects of maturity stage and feeding strategy of whole crop barley silage on intake, digestibility and milk production in dairy cows

Five diets containing concentrate, grass silage and whole crop barley silage (WCBS) harvested at different maturity stages were fed to 15 multiparous dairy cows in an incomplete change-over design over three periods. Three diets contained 10.7 kg dry matter (DM) concentrate, 4 kg DM grass silage, and ad libitum access to WCBS harvested at either the heading stage (B1), the early milk stage (B2) or the early dough stage (B3) of maturity. The other two diets contained 10.7 kg DM concentrate, whereas grass silage and WCBS at heading were mixed at two different ratios with a DM content of WCBS of either 0.30 (M1) or 0.70 (M2), and the mixtures were fed ad libitum. Intakes of DM (kg day^− 1: B1 = 21.0, B2 = 20.6 and B3 = 20.0) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; kg day^− 1: B1 = 7.0, B2 = 6.4 and B3 = 6.3) decreased, whereas starch intake increased (kg day^− 1: B1 = 3.1, B2 = 3.5 and B3 = 4.0) with increasing maturity at harvest. The apparent organic matter (OM) digestibility (g kg^− 1: B1 = 800, B2 = 774 and B3 = 729) decreased with increasing maturity stage, and consequently so did the digestible OM intake. Milk (kg day^− 1: B1 = 27.2, B2 = 26.1 and B3 = 25.9) and energy corrected milk (ECM; kg day^− 1: B1 = 31.0, B2 = 29.4 and B3 = 28.2) yields, and protein concentration (g kg^− 1: B1 = 37.1, B2 = 36.4 and B3 = 36.0) decreased with increasing maturity stage of the WCBS. When cows were fed diet B3 the milk fat concentration decreased (46.4 g kg^− 1) compared to diets B1 (49.3 g kg^− 1) and B2 (49.4 g kg^− 1). The difference in ECM yield between diets B1 and B3 was due to a combined effect of lower milk yield, and lower protein and fat concentrations. This was caused by the higher starch and lower NDF intakes with diet B3, which decreased the milk fat concentration. Moreover, a lower energy intake of diet B3 due to lower OM digestibility decreased milk protein concentration and milk yield. Mixing WCBS at the heading stage with grass silage (M2) decreased digestibility, compared to feeding the forages separately (B1). However, the differences were small and may be a result of soil contamination at harvest of some of the silages, which made the method with using incomplete faecal collection and internal marker acid insoluble ash less reliable. Including WCBS at the heading stage at 0.30 or 0.70 of forage DM did not affect DM intake or diet digestibility, probably because the grass silage in the study was very similar in energy content to the WCBS harvested at heading.